孫慶春
摘 要:隨著新課程改革浪潮的興起,如何適應(yīng)改革的要求,在新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行有效的閱讀課教學(xué),是英語教師應(yīng)該認(rèn)真思考的問題。結(jié)合教學(xué)實(shí)際,就如何提高高中英語閱讀課堂教學(xué)的有效性進(jìn)行初步探討,以求更有效地運(yùn)用閱讀這一手段培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生的英語實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力。
關(guān)鍵詞:高中英語;閱讀教學(xué);有效教學(xué)
在我國的英語教學(xué)中,閱讀教學(xué)歷來受到重視?!镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》明確指出,“高中英語閱讀教學(xué)的任務(wù)主要有兩個:第一,對學(xué)生進(jìn)行閱讀技巧的訓(xùn)練,培養(yǎng)其閱讀理解能力;第二,通過閱讀教學(xué),使學(xué)生不斷獲得新的語言知識,提高其實(shí)際運(yùn)用英語的能力?!钡趯?shí)際的教學(xué)過程中,教師總是發(fā)現(xiàn)在經(jīng)過大量的閱讀教學(xué)之后,學(xué)生的閱讀水平依舊提高很慢,時(shí)間的投入與效果的產(chǎn)出不成正比。因此,教師就需要考慮一個問題,即:如何提高高中英語閱讀課堂教學(xué)的有效性。下面是我的點(diǎn)滴體會。
一、高中英語閱讀教學(xué)的重要性
閱讀是聽、說、讀、寫中最重要的能力之一,是英語學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn),是檢測英語學(xué)習(xí)者綜合英語能力的重要手段?!镀胀ǜ咧杏⒄Z課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》指出:“閱讀課教學(xué)的目的在于培養(yǎng)閱讀策略,培養(yǎng)語感,特別強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在閱讀過程中獲取和處理信息的能力?!睆膽?yīng)試的層面來說,閱讀水平的高低直接決定了學(xué)生能否在高考英語中取得理想的成績??荚嚧缶V中對閱讀做出明確要求——考生能讀懂書、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文段以及公告、說明、廣告等,并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息??梢?,無論從學(xué)生的長期發(fā)展還是應(yīng)試的角度,英語閱讀教學(xué)在高中英語教學(xué)中都有著舉足輕重的地位。
二、目前高中英語閱讀教學(xué)中存在的問題
課程改革要求教師要在發(fā)展學(xué)生語言能力的同時(shí),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的積極情感態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀、良好的跨文化意識和有效的學(xué)習(xí)策略。我們的高中英語閱讀教學(xué)情況不容樂觀。首先,雖然課程改革不斷地強(qiáng)調(diào)要轉(zhuǎn)變教學(xué)觀念,更新教學(xué)方法,但在高考的壓力之下,很多的高中英語教師還是本著“務(wù)實(shí)”的原則,在課堂上依然只注重傳授語言知識,不注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀能力。其次,教師即使在課堂上涉及閱讀技能,也是傾向于碎片化、表層化的教學(xué)方式,如在閱讀課上,教師總是千篇一律地要求學(xué)生read for the main idea和read for the detailed information。教學(xué)方法單一、陳舊,學(xué)生感到乏味,對閱讀課也失去了興趣。
三、當(dāng)前英語課程改革的方向
修訂后的高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)指出,課程的宗旨是立德樹人,即:將學(xué)生培養(yǎng)成會學(xué)習(xí),能夠健康生活,有責(zé)任擔(dān)當(dāng),敢于創(chuàng)新,具有人文底蘊(yùn)、科學(xué)精神的全面發(fā)展的人。
在課程改革大潮的推動下,課程內(nèi)容和教學(xué)方式也將發(fā)生變革。在課程內(nèi)容上,將改變脫離語境的知識學(xué)習(xí),將知識學(xué)習(xí)與技能發(fā)展融入主題、語境、語篇和語用之中,促進(jìn)文化理解和思維品質(zhì)形成,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會學(xué)習(xí)。在教學(xué)方式上,改變碎片化、表層化的教學(xué)方式,走向整合、關(guān)聯(lián)、發(fā)展的課程,實(shí)現(xiàn)對語言的深度學(xué)習(xí)(即語言、文化、思維的融合),改變貼標(biāo)簽式的情感態(tài)度價(jià)值觀教育,融育人目標(biāo)于教學(xué)內(nèi)容與教學(xué)過程之中。
四、高中英語有效性教學(xué)的探索——如何深層次地處理閱讀素材
新課標(biāo)要求,高中英語教學(xué)要從“知識教學(xué)和技能教學(xué)”轉(zhuǎn)向“對學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的培養(yǎng)”,那么就需要教師加深對學(xué)科本質(zhì)和價(jià)值的認(rèn)識;重視對語篇意義的解讀;在設(shè)計(jì)活動時(shí)關(guān)注內(nèi)在邏輯和關(guān)聯(lián),注意提煉和整合內(nèi)在的知識結(jié)構(gòu)。
作為一名高中英語教師的我,在平時(shí)的閱讀教學(xué)中,經(jīng)過長時(shí)間的嘗試與探索,總結(jié)了一套處理閱讀素材的方法,它包括三個方面:(1)深挖素材,找到內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。(2)語言知識多樣化處理,利用語法填空和改錯翻譯等設(shè)計(jì)。(3)核心話題相關(guān)素材輸入,拓展語言運(yùn)用渠道。
下面以譯林版牛津高中英語模塊二第一單元閱讀課的部分處理方式為例。
本單元的話題為Tales of the unexplained,閱讀材料為一篇題為“Boy missing,police puzzled”的新聞報(bào)道。
(一)深挖素材,找到內(nèi)在聯(lián)系
對于這篇閱讀材料,我們可以通過設(shè)置填空的方式指導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。
Introduction of Justin Foster:
1.A (An) __________ (age),________ school student,went to play _______ with two friends at _______ on _______ evening.
2.He has a ______ sister ________ (name/call)Kelly,_______ (age) 9,______ heard him _______ home at about _______.
3.His mother,_______ ,was staying at home while his father was working on his _______ job.
4.He lives in _______,who went ________ that night.
Case:The boy was missing.
1._______ called the police on _______.
2.The police looked into the case:
Evidence
1.two friends:Justin went home ______ the game.
2.Witnesses saw Justin ________ towards his house at _______.
3.Kelly heard Justin ______ his favorite CD and saw a spaceship looking like _____.
4.Mrs Mavis Wood:who had been taken ________ the UFO,thought Justin was ________ by aliens.
Conclusion
Sam Peterson:
1.There was no _________ that aliens took him.
2.They didnt ________ the idea,but they were looking ______
other _________.
The news:
Justin went ______? _______ days ago. Some witnesses said he was _______? ______ by aliens since they saw strange lights and aliens. The puzzled police have stepped ________ their search.
我們在分析高考真題時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),一篇文章所設(shè)計(jì)的題目都是緊緊圍繞文章主線展開的,所以我在設(shè)計(jì)閱讀教學(xué)時(shí),通過事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間順序重組文章,而不是簡單地完成課后的一些具體細(xì)節(jié)題目。本文的主人公是一位15歲的高中生,通過重組文章,首先對他的家庭成員做了一個歸納,找出他爸媽、妹妹的一些細(xì)節(jié)信息。接著,主人公失蹤了,警方過來調(diào)查取證,通過不同目擊者的描述,最后得出結(jié)論。通過這種練習(xí),學(xué)生能真正理清事件的來龍去脈,同時(shí)也訓(xùn)練了語言知識運(yùn)用能力,更重要的是培養(yǎng)了學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。通過閱讀本篇文章,我們可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考在以后的人生道路上假如遇到類似事件該怎么面對,這樣才能達(dá)到真正的育人目標(biāo)。
(二)語言知識多樣化處理,利用語法填空和改錯翻譯等設(shè)計(jì)
下面談?wù)剬ξ恼抡Z言知識的一些處理:
1.Police has stepped _______ their search_______ a fifteen-years-old boy who _______ (go) missing three days ago.
2.Witnesses _______ the incident also say they saw Justin ________(walk) towards his house ______ 10.45pm.
3.Kelly,_______ (age) 9,saw a large spaceship _______ (fly) outside the curtains.
4._______(stand) inside was the large number of strange creatures_____ white skin.
5.Mr Foster was working when these events were occurred.
6.Luckily,they returned me home without any _______(injure).
7.When _______ (ask) about the ________(possible) that Justin was taken by aliens,Sam,_______ has taken charge _______ the case,said that they will not give up until ______ (find) out ______ happened.
我所設(shè)計(jì)的這些題目,不僅僅是單句語法填空,可能里面還有改錯這樣的陷阱題。如第一句中的has,fifteen-years-old,第四句中的was,the large number等錯誤。
對文章中出現(xiàn)的語言知識,我沒有僅僅停留在講解層面,而是采用解決問題的方式,讓學(xué)生自己發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的弱項(xiàng)所在。這種教學(xué)方式改變了過去“老師講,學(xué)生被動記”的填鴨式教學(xué)模式,通過問題發(fā)現(xiàn)式的教學(xué)手段,充分調(diào)動學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的熱情,也能更好地因材施教。
(三)核心話題相關(guān)素材輸入,拓展語言運(yùn)用渠道
閱讀完這篇新聞報(bào)道之后,可以補(bǔ)充相關(guān)未解之謎的素材,拓寬學(xué)生的語用渠道。如可以補(bǔ)充一篇關(guān)于crop circle的閱讀材料。
Crop circles are patterns that appear in fields. The pattern is created when certain areas of the crops are tamped down,but others are left intact. The edge is so clean that it looks like it was created with a machine. Even though the stalks are bent,they are not damaged.Most of the time,the crops continue to grow normal. Sometimes,the patterns are simple circles. In other instances,they are complex designs consisting of several interconnecting geometric shapes. The season for crop circles runs from April to September,which coincides with the growing season.
Mentions of crop circles were sporadic before the 20th century,but the phenomenon didnt gain attention until 1980,when a farmed in Wiltshine County,England,discovered three circles,each about 18 meters across in his oat crops. UFO researchers and media went to the farm,and the world first began to learn about crop circles. By the 1990s,crop circles had become something of a tourist attraction. In 1990 alone,more than 500 circles emerged in Europe. Within the next few years,there were thousands. Visitors came from around the world to see them. Some farmers even charged admission to their mysterious attractions.
Researchers have been thinking about the question of crop circles for several decades,but they still haven t come up with a real answer as to why they exist. Possibly the most controversial theory is that crop circles are the work of visitors from other planets——sort of like alien calling cards. The most scientific theory says that crop circles are created by small currents of swirling winds called vortices. The spinning columns force a burst of air down to the ground,which flattens the crops. Some researchers believe that the earth creates its own energy,which forms the circles. One possible form of earth energy is electromagnetic radiation. In fact,scientist have measured strong magnetic fields inside crop circles,and visitors have sometimes reported feeling a tingling sense in their body while in or near the circles. The easiest explanation for crop circles is that they are man-made circles,created either for fun or to challenge scientists.
先讓學(xué)生閱讀文章,了解文章大意:
Summarize the main idea of each paragraph.
Para1:introduction of crop circles
Para2:the attention to crop circles
Para3:how crop circle might be created
接著設(shè)計(jì)一些題目加深對素材的理解:
They are complex designs __________ (consist) of several interconnecting geometric shapes.
1.Some farmers even charged ________ (admit) to their _________ (mystery) attractions.
2.Researchers __________ (think) about the question of crop circles for several decades,but they still haven t come up with a real answer as to _______ they exist.
最后,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在閱讀之后探索crop circle的成因,培養(yǎng)他們的科學(xué)探索精神:Lets have a discussion:What do you think caused crop circles?
在課后,老師還可以提供一些未解之謎的話題,如百慕大三角,鼓勵學(xué)生上網(wǎng)或者去圖書館查詢相關(guān)資料,努力將他們培養(yǎng)成熱愛科學(xué)、敢于創(chuàng)新的人。
當(dāng)然,在教學(xué)中,老師應(yīng)選用難度不同的材料,設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜程度不等的學(xué)習(xí)活動,設(shè)置要求高低不一的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)和評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以因材施教。
在新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的指導(dǎo)下,高中英語教師需要探索的還有很多。在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中,我們應(yīng)基于學(xué)生的已知,立足學(xué)生的未知,通過聽說讀寫看等途徑,幫助學(xué)生獲得語言知識和文化知識,理解文化內(nèi)涵,分析語篇結(jié)構(gòu)和語言特點(diǎn),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過比較、分析、批判和評價(jià)等活動,發(fā)展思維品質(zhì),辨識真善美,汲取文化精華,塑造文化品格。我想,我們都要為之而奮斗!
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]王薔.英語教學(xué)法教程[M].高等教育出版社,2006.
[2]陳勇.新課程有效教學(xué)疑難問題操作性解讀 高中英語[M].教育科學(xué)出版社,2008.
編輯 郭小琴