吳雙霞
摘要:本論文由教材的重點(diǎn)和對《考試說明》的理解,將初中階段的知識進(jìn)行再整合,針對閱讀理解的具體題例,讓學(xué)生形成點(diǎn)、線、面為一體的知識結(jié)構(gòu),使英語中考閱讀理解題的復(fù)習(xí)有了明確的思路。
關(guān)鍵詞:中考專題;閱讀理解;命題形式;策略技巧
閱讀理解題是檢查考生英語基礎(chǔ)及閱讀能力的命題形式,其特點(diǎn)是:
A、閱讀理解題的閱讀材料豐富多彩,融知識性、趣味性、科學(xué)性、生活性于一體,既考查學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力,又增長知識,開闊視野。B、閱讀材料后的題目設(shè)計具有多樣性。C、閱讀理解題材多樣,就文體而言可歸納為:
a、記敘文(人物小傳、幽默故事、新聞報道、史地知識介紹)
b、說明文(科普小品、說明書等)
c、議論文(有關(guān)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會各方面的論述)
d、應(yīng)用文(書信、廣告、通知等)
一、中考閱讀理解題在題目設(shè)計上一般包括以下題型:
A、細(xì)節(jié)理解題B、猜測詞義或句義題C、數(shù)據(jù)推算題D、邏輯推理判斷題E、歸納概括性題目
二、解題策略及技巧
(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解題
這類題目是對文章中某句、某段、某一具體細(xì)節(jié)或重要具體信息提問,只要根據(jù)題目的已知條件即題干,找準(zhǔn)文章中的正確句子或段落,就可以解答出來,有的答案甚至就是文中的原句。
例1.
Anna used to wake you up on Sunday morning when you wanted to stay in bed, but now you will feel strange if she gets up before lunch.She used to be quiet,but now she talks all the time but not to you to you.She used to hold your hand when you went to visit your friends.Now she doesnt even want to be seen with you when you go to visit your friends.Your Anna might spend hours on the phone or in the bathroom now.At the same time Nick next the door has become quiet and dirty.He used to be very polite.Now a simple conversation with Nick becomes very difficult.You have gone from heroes to the most embarrassing adults in the world. Your child has become a teenager!
題目:When Anna was a child, she used to do the following things EXCEPT___D___.
speaking little B.staying with her parents in public
C、getting up early D.Spending hours on the phone
做好此類題目的要領(lǐng)是:1、明確題意,順藤摸瓜;2、找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞,明白其暗示意義;3正確使用排除法。
(二)猜測詞義題
做好此類題目須仔細(xì)閱讀生詞所在位置的上下文,然后在分析理解上下文的基礎(chǔ)上來確定該詞或短語在文中的準(zhǔn)確含義。
例2:A bag is full and the word “bag” is useful.It gives us some interesting phrases.One is “to let the cat out of the bag.”It is the same as “to tell a secret”…
題目:John “l(fā)et the cat out of the bag” means he___________
makes everyone know a secret B.the woman bought a cat c.buys a cat in the bag D.sells the cat in the bag
分析:在短文里,緊接著”Let the cat out of the bag” 后面給出解釋It is the same as to tell a secret.根據(jù)此解釋可判斷選A.
(三)數(shù)據(jù)推算題
此類題型要求考生就文章所提供的數(shù)據(jù),以及數(shù)據(jù)與文中其他信息的關(guān)系作簡單計算和推測。解此類題的技巧:
1、抓住并正確理解與數(shù)據(jù)有關(guān)的信息;
2、弄清眾多信息中哪些屬于有用信息,哪些屬于干擾信息;
3、不要孤立的看待數(shù)字信息,而要抓住一些關(guān)鍵語句信息;
4、有時要重視修飾詞的作用,尤其是較長的短語或定語從句。
例如有這樣一段:
Nearly 50% of Iragi population ,which is over 20 million,is under 15 years dd.And 30% of them are suffering(遭受)from malnutrition.(營養(yǎng)不良)
題目:The number of Iragi children having malnutrition is about __________
A.20 million B.10 million C.6 million D.3 million
此題若不知道which is over 20 million 是一個定語從句,用來修飾 Iragi population 則會誤選C。應(yīng)理解為over 20 million 的50%是children,其中的30%遭受營養(yǎng)不良,故選D。
(四)邏輯推理判斷題
邏輯推斷性閱讀理解題的常見題干有以下七種:
From the story we know that________
We can infer(推斷) from the story that_______
In the passage the writer tries to tell us that_______
Which of the following is the writers attitude(態(tài)度)?
According to the story,what would happen next?
The writer suggests(暗示)that_________
The write doesnt agree that___________
注意題干中的“infer”(推斷)這個詞。如果題干中出現(xiàn)了這個單詞,一般來說應(yīng)該首先排除選項中的那些在文章中出現(xiàn)過的句子。因為題目中要求從文中推斷出某一結(jié)論,那就說明這一結(jié)論不是短文中存在的。
(五)歸納概括性題目
歸納概括性閱讀理解題常見題干七種如下:
a.The passage mainly tells us________
b.The passage is mainly about_______
c.The best title of the story is___________
d.The main idea of the passage is that________
e.The story tells us ”________”
f.The writer is mainly talking about________
g.Which of the following is the best title?
注意題干中的“title”(標(biāo)題)這個單詞。這樣的題目是要求考生為短文選擇標(biāo)題的。標(biāo)題選擇要遵循“精、準(zhǔn)、全”的原則。
總之,解答這類題中心步驟就是閱讀,既要讀短文,又要讀問題,注意技巧與效率,分別用“一次判斷”“逐個分析”以及“排除法”等方式來進(jìn)行判斷解答了。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]2016-2018年《孝感市中考英語考試說明》
[2]2017年中考版《學(xué)英語報》