[11.山西醫(yī)科大學第三醫(yī)院(山西白求恩醫(yī)院,山西醫(yī)學科學院,同濟山西醫(yī)院)泌尿外科,山西太原 030032;2.山西醫(yī)科大學公共衛(wèi)生學院,山西太原 030001]
Predictive value of preoperative NLR and PLR for inguinal lymph node metastasis of penile cancer
LI Jian1,GUO Wenjing2,SUN Zhongzhong1,WU Jinfeng1
(1. Department of Urology,The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032;2. School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China)
ABSTRACT:Objective
To explore the value of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in the prediction of inguinal lymph node metastasis of penile cancer to provide a new idea for the clinical evaluation.
Methods A total of 48 patients with penile cancer who received surgical treatment in our hospital during Jan. 2016 and Dec. 2021 were selected and divided into the metastatic group (n=19) and non-metastatic group (n=29). The number of neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets were recorded, and NLR and PLR were calculated. The value of NLR and PLR in predicting inguinal lymph node metastasis was analyzed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The correlation between NLR and PLR was determined with Pearson correlation analysis. Results The levels of NLR and PLR were significantly higher in the metastatic group than in the non-metastatic group (Plt;0.05). ROC curve showed that the optimal cut-off value of NLR was 2.39, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.838 (95%CI:0.730-0.947), with sensitivity of 94.7% and specificity of 58.6%, respectively. The optimal cut-off value of PLR was 113.66, the AUC was 0.755 (95%CI:0.618-0.892), with sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 58.6%, respectively. The AUC of the two combined together was 0.851 (95%CI:0.747-0.956), with sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 69.0%. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that NLR was positively correlated with PLR in patients in both groups (r=0.504, r=0.645, Plt;0.05).Conclusion Preoperative NLR and PLR levels are significantly increased in patients with penile cancer,and the combination of the two indexes can predict the possibility of inguinal lymph node metastasis.
KEY WORDS:penile cancer;inguinal lymph node metastasis;inflammatory factor;neutrophis;lymphocytes;platelets
摘要:目的 分析術前中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值(NLR)及血小板與淋巴細胞比值(PLR)對陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的預測價值,為臨床評估提供新思路。方法 回顧性分析2016年1月—2021年12月于山西白求恩醫(yī)院泌尿外科接受手術治療的48例陰莖癌患者,依據是否發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移分為轉移組(n=19)和未轉移組(n=29)。記錄患者中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞及血小板數,計算NLR、PLR。應用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)分析NLR、PLR預測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的價值。Pearson相關性分析檢測NLR、PLR間的相關性。結果 轉移組NLR和PLR水平均明顯高于未轉移組(P<0.01)。ROC曲線顯示NLR最佳截斷值為2.39,AUC為0.838(95%CI:0.730~0.947),靈敏度和特異度分別為94.7%和58.6%;PLR最佳截斷值為113.66,AUC為0.755(95%CI:0.618~0.892),靈敏度和特異度分別為89.5%和58.6%。兩項聯合診斷的AUC為0.851(95%CI:0.747~0.956),靈敏度和特異度分別為89.5%和69.0%。Pearson相關分析顯示,轉移組與未轉移組患者的NLR與PLR均呈正相關(r=0.504,r=0.645,均有P<0.05)。結論 陰莖癌患者術前NLR、PLR水平顯著升高并且通過兩項指標聯合診斷在一定程度上預示著患者存在腹股溝淋巴結轉移的可能。
關鍵詞:陰莖癌;腹股溝淋巴結轉移;炎癥因子;中性粒細胞;淋巴細胞;血小板
中圖分類號:R699.8 ""文獻標志碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2024.01.011
陰莖癌是男性較常見的惡性腫瘤。目前的研究認為包莖、隱匿陰莖、陰莖衛(wèi)生差,或伴有吸煙、肥胖、人乳頭瘤病毒感染等與陰莖癌的發(fā)病密切相關[11-3]。所有陰莖惡性腫瘤中,95%是鱗狀細胞癌[14]。部分陰莖癌患者會發(fā)生淋巴結轉移,陰莖癌最先轉移到腹股溝淋巴結[15]。ZHU等[16]的研究認為,腹股溝淋巴結是否轉移是陰莖癌患者的一項重要預后指標?,F研究者普遍認為盡早確定是否存在淋巴結轉移可避免臨床上對可疑淋巴結的等待觀察,對于確定淋巴結轉移的患者及時行區(qū)域淋巴結清掃,可減少腫瘤轉移的風險,同時可減輕患者再次手術的痛苦和經濟負擔。研究發(fā)現,血液中的一些炎癥因子與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展有關,其中中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)及血小板與淋巴細胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)等指標在多種惡性腫瘤有過相關報道[17-15]。但鮮見陰莖癌部分切除術前NLR、PLR與陰莖癌是否發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移相關聯的研究。基于此,本文探究了術前NLR、PLR對陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的預測價值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析2016年1月—2021年12月于山西白求恩醫(yī)院泌尿外科接受手術治療的62例陰莖癌患者的臨床資料。納入標準:①經陰莖癌部分切除術后病理檢查診斷為陰莖癌;②病理資料完整者。排除標準:①有嚴重心、肝、腎疾病及其他惡性腫瘤者;②已接受放療、化療治療者;③術后未行腹股溝淋巴結清掃術;④術前檢查血常規(guī)之前已行抗生素治療。共有14例患者因術后已接受放化療、未行淋巴結清除術被排除,最終納入48例患者,年齡38~84歲,平均年齡(63.35±9.72)歲。依據腹股溝淋巴結病理結果將48例患者分為轉移組(n=19)和未轉移組(n=29)。
1.2 觀察指標
收集患者基本資料,包括年齡、身體質量指數(body mass index,BMI)、基礎疾病、是否侵犯海綿體及術前中性粒細胞數、淋巴細胞數、血小板數。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計學軟件分析數據,滿足正態(tài)性分布的計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗;不滿足正態(tài)分布的資料用中位數(四分位間距)表示,組間比較采用非參數檢驗;計數資料以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。應用受試者工作特征曲線(receiver operating charcteristiccurve,ROC)分析NLR、PLR預測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的價值,最佳截斷值確定為約登指數(靈敏度+特異度-1)的最大點。曲線下面積(area under curve,AUC)的比較采用Z檢驗。相關性分析采用Pearson相關分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結 果
2.1 兩組陰莖癌患者的基線資料比較兩組陰莖癌患者年齡、BMI、海綿體浸潤、糖尿病史、高血壓史及吸煙史等基線資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05,表1)。
2.3 NLR和PLR水平之間的相關性分析
如圖1所示,Pearson相關性分析顯示,兩組陰莖癌患者NLR與PLR水平均呈正相關(轉移組:r=0.504,P<0.05;未轉移組:r=0.645,P<0.01)。
2.4 NLR和PLR水平預測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的價值
通過ROC曲線分析,NLR和PLR水平預測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的最佳截斷值分別為2.39和113.66。NLR預測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的AUC為0.838(95%CI:0.730~0.947),靈敏度為94.7%,特異度為58.6%。PLR預測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的AUC為0.755(95%CI:0.618~0.892)靈敏度為89.5%,特異度為58.6%。兩項聯合預測陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移的AUC為0.851(95%CI:0.747~0.956),明顯高于單個指標,靈敏度為89.5%,特異度為69.0%,見圖2。
A:未轉移組;B:轉移組;NLR:中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值;PLR:血小板與淋巴細胞比值。
NLR:中性粒細胞與淋巴細胞比值;PLR:血小板與淋巴細胞比值。
淋巴結轉移的ROC曲線
3 討 論
陰莖癌是男性較常見的惡性腫瘤,目前陰莖癌的治療主要以陰莖病灶切除術(陰莖局部、部分及全切術)和淋巴結清掃術為主。一般通過術前查體和影像學檢查來輔助診斷陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移。臨床上對于淋巴結腫大的患者常持續(xù)用抗生素治療,以1個月后復查淋巴結腫大有無縮小來粗略區(qū)分是炎癥所致還是癌癥轉移。對于腫塊未消失或病理活檢明確有淋巴結轉移的患者通常會進行淋巴結清掃。因此尋找更多實用的影響預后的因素對指導陰莖癌的治療具有重要意義。近年來,一些炎癥因子被確定為影響腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展和預后的預測因素,其中NLR、PLR被報道與多種惡性腫瘤的預后有關,炎癥因子通過中性粒細胞、淋巴細胞等來調節(jié)腫瘤所處的微環(huán)境,促進腫瘤的生長和轉移[116-17]。
本文研究結果顯示,發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移組的陰莖癌患者NLR、PLR水平較未轉移組明顯增高。陰莖癌患者本身存在一定的炎癥反應,但是發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移的患者炎癥反應更明顯。CHEN等[118]的一項研究也同樣證明,術前NLR、PLR指標異常升高在一定程度上預示著惡性腫瘤患者術后預后較差。中性粒細胞和淋巴細胞都是反映全身炎癥的指標[119]。其中白細胞介素-6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)和髓樣生長因子19等因子刺激機體產生中性粒細胞,這些炎癥介質又能增強癌細胞的增殖、侵襲和轉移能力,使得機體的免疫系統(tǒng)無法準確監(jiān)視腫瘤細胞[120]。淋巴細胞通過分泌干擾素γ(interferons-γ,IFN-γ)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等控制腫瘤生長、中性粒細胞增多、抑制淋巴細胞的活性,使得機體的免疫功能下降,從而無法抑制腫瘤的發(fā)展[121]。本研究認為NLR升高,中性粒細胞和淋巴細胞二者此消彼長使得腫瘤發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移的風險增加。有研究報道,機體的血小板數量增多,血小板產生的轉化生長因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和腫瘤細胞協(xié)同激活腫瘤細胞中的TGF-β/Smad和NF-κB通路,增強腫瘤細胞的轉移能力[122]。還有研究認為血小板數量增多包裹癌細胞以逃脫人體免疫,預示著陰莖癌的預后較差[123]。本研究認為PLR升高血小板數量增多,腫瘤的轉移能力增強,預示著陰莖癌存在著較高的轉移風險,HU等[124]的研究同樣證明PLR值異常升高,預示著陰莖癌患者發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移的可能性大。
ROC曲線分析顯示,NLR與PLR聯合預測陰莖癌發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移的AUC最大,特異度相對較高。相關性分析顯示,陰莖癌患者發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移,NLR與PLR之間呈正相關,結果證明NLR與PLR可作為陰莖癌發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移的相關指標,并且通過NLR與PLR指標聯合在一定程度上提高了二者對于預測陰莖癌發(fā)生腹股溝淋巴結轉移的特異度。
綜上所述,陰莖癌患者術前NLR、PLR水平顯著升高并且通過兩項指標聯合診斷在一定程度上預示著患者存在腹股溝淋巴結轉移的可能,并且NLR、PLR獲取方式相對簡單、方便且費用較低,可能為臨床常規(guī)診斷、手術、輔助治療等提供新的思路。不可否認的是本研究尚存在單中心、樣本量較少的局限性,未來的研究需要多中心、大樣本量來進一步證實NLR、PLR對陰莖癌腹股溝淋巴結轉移評估的臨床價值,同時計劃聯合影像學檢查做進一步研究。
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