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        泌尿科圍手術(shù)期老年患者衰弱的臨床評(píng)估與應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展

        2024-05-19 00:00:00林丹妮李東輝王坤雄王剛王國任呂蔡白志明
        現(xiàn)代泌尿外科雜志 2024年1期
        關(guān)鍵詞:圍手術(shù)期

        Research progress of frailty assessment and its applications in

        elderly patients during perioperative period in department of urology

        LIN Danni,LI Donghui,WANG Kunxiong,WANG Gang,WANG Guoren,LYU Cai,BAI Zhiming

        (Department of Urology,Affiliated Haikou Hospital,Xiangya School of Medicine,Central South University,Haikou 570208,China)

        ABSTRACT:Frailty is a complex age-related clinical condition characterized by a decline in physiological capacity across several organ systems,with a resultant increased susceptibility to stressors.The relationship between frailty assessment and elderly patients’"safety during perioperative period has received widespread attention.This paper reviews research progress of frailty assessment in elderly patients during perioperative period in the department of urology.

        KEY WORDS:department of urology;frailty assessment;elderly patients;perioperative period;phenotypic model of fraity;defect accumulation model;frailty index

        摘要:衰弱是一類與患者年齡相關(guān)的復(fù)雜臨床狀態(tài),以多器官系統(tǒng)的生理機(jī)能下降導(dǎo)致機(jī)體對(duì)應(yīng)激源耐受性降低為特征。衰弱評(píng)估與老年患者圍手術(shù)期的安全性之間的關(guān)系已引起普遍重視。本文對(duì)泌尿外科圍手術(shù)期老年患者衰弱評(píng)估及其應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。

        關(guān)鍵詞:泌尿外科;衰弱評(píng)估;老年患者;圍手術(shù)期;衰弱表型模型;缺陷累積模型;衰弱指數(shù)

        中圖分類號(hào):R69 ""文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8291.2024.01.018

        收稿日期:2022-12-08 """修回日期:2023-04-21

        基金項(xiàng)目:海南省衛(wèi)生健康行業(yè)科研項(xiàng)目(No.22A200124)

        通信作者:白志明,主任醫(yī)師,教授。E-mail:hkbzm59@aliyun.com

        作者簡(jiǎn)介:林丹妮,學(xué)士學(xué)位,中級(jí)職稱。研究方向:泌尿系腫瘤、尿控。E-mail:517192058@qq.com

        全球人口老齡化已成為不容忽視的社會(huì)問題。我國2021年人口普查結(jié)果顯示60歲及65歲以上人口占比分別為18.9%和14.2%,遠(yuǎn)超世界衛(wèi)生組織

        定義的10%及7%,老齡化程度進(jìn)一步加重[1]。泌尿科患者群體結(jié)構(gòu)上,圍手術(shù)期患者的老年比例進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,而在病種分布上,良性前列腺增生癥(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)、泌尿系腫瘤以及尿失禁等疾病均以老齡患者為主體,手術(shù)治療比例上升的同時(shí),圍手術(shù)期安全問題也會(huì)進(jìn)一步凸現(xiàn)[2]。以往手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估多基于美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)

        (American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)的評(píng)分,針對(duì)人體重要臟器并存的疾病及其程度來預(yù)測(cè)可能的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。隨著老年病學(xué)的發(fā)展以及對(duì)人體老化這一生物學(xué)現(xiàn)象中身體機(jī)能的漸進(jìn)性退化和臟器儲(chǔ)備功能降低認(rèn)識(shí)的深入,機(jī)體的衰弱以及衰弱本身對(duì)手術(shù)耐受性可能存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及不良治療后果之間的關(guān)系,日益引起臨床的重視。本文結(jié)合國內(nèi)外衰弱評(píng)估相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展做簡(jiǎn)要綜述。

        1 衰 弱

        1.1 定義 衰弱是指老齡人群中,由于臟器儲(chǔ)備功能減少,在體能、生理及心理等方面對(duì)應(yīng)激源的耐受性降低而易于導(dǎo)致臨床治療的不良后果為特征的一種多維度綜合征[3]。老年人手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的復(fù)雜性以及ASA評(píng)分在臨床應(yīng)用中的不足,使得衰弱本身對(duì)外科治療轉(zhuǎn)歸的影響引起臨床廣泛關(guān)注。FRIED等[4]提出衰弱包括了虛弱、遲緩、疲憊、低活動(dòng)度和體重減輕。作為人體生物學(xué)的特定階段,衰弱可成為手術(shù)不良后果的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,也可與患者伴隨的慢性疾病相互關(guān)聯(lián),導(dǎo)致手術(shù)后出院延遲或再入院、轉(zhuǎn)診ICU、感染、輸血的概率升高及后期各種并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率甚至死亡率升高[5]。

        1.2 流行病學(xué) 社區(qū)人群水平的衰弱發(fā)病率尚不明確。日本作為高度老齡化國家,一項(xiàng)國家層面流調(diào)顯示其總患病率為8.9%(7.5%~9.9%),并強(qiáng)調(diào)衰弱前狀態(tài)占比較高(40.8%)[6]。全球針對(duì)62個(gè)國家的綜述性薈萃分析顯示總體患病率介于12%~14%,女性高于男性(29%︰20%),由于各地區(qū)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的不同,結(jié)果有異質(zhì)性[7]。我國報(bào)道的衰弱總體加權(quán)患病率為9.9%,日?;顒?dòng)能力(activeties of daily living,ADL)受損是主要危險(xiǎn)因素,其他因素包括慢性疾病狀態(tài)、抑郁、不良生活方式等[8]。

        1.3 衰弱可能的發(fā)病機(jī)制 盡管與年齡相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)代謝率、組織細(xì)胞水分、心臟指數(shù)、腎小球?yàn)V過率、肺活量等生理指標(biāo)隨年齡的增長(zhǎng)而

        不斷下降,但少肌癥的骨骼肌質(zhì)量/強(qiáng)度的進(jìn)行性降低是最明顯指標(biāo),并導(dǎo)致日?;顒?dòng)的受限,是衰弱機(jī)制研究的關(guān)鍵[9]。亞洲少肌癥工作組(Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia,AWGS)在2019年更新的診治共識(shí)中除強(qiáng)調(diào)心血管、代謝因素與少肌癥的相關(guān)性外,骨骼肌中衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞老化、運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元的喪失、神經(jīng)-肌肉連接活性降低、線粒體功能障礙、激素狀態(tài)改變、炎性因子的釋放甚至老年食欲減退引發(fā)的營養(yǎng)不良導(dǎo)致體質(zhì)量下降均參與了發(fā)病環(huán)節(jié)[10]。GOMEZ-WERJAN等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)上述改變與FNI、APP、CREBBP、EGFR等基因在互為關(guān)聯(lián)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中發(fā)揮了樞紐和瓶頸作用,表明存在新的表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制改變和潛在藥理研究靶標(biāo)。

        1.4 衰弱與失能和慢病的區(qū)別與關(guān)聯(lián) 失能是指患者個(gè)體的日常活動(dòng)失去自主性而需要?jiǎng)e人或輔助器械才能進(jìn)行,是某種疾病(腦卒中、骨折、心力衰竭等)導(dǎo)致的直接后果。慢性共病則是指患病個(gè)體具體的器質(zhì)性慢性病變(慢性阻塞性肺氣腫及心、腎功能衰竭或高血壓等),即老齡人群中的軀體性疾病。ROCKWOOD等[5]指出失能及軀體性疾病既與衰弱共同存在,亦是衰弱評(píng)估時(shí)的缺陷因素,它們共同存在,相互影響。這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的疊加,特別是多種軀體性疾病患者使用多重藥物的傾向加重了衰弱的程度,是值得關(guān)注的問題[12]。MORLEY等[13]建議在針對(duì)老齡群體衰弱識(shí)別的概念上應(yīng)有區(qū)分,分層的細(xì)化有助于準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估安全性及有效地實(shí)施圍手術(shù)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控。

        2 衰弱的評(píng)估方法

        衰弱的評(píng)估方法臨床無統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),重點(diǎn)涉及體能狀態(tài)、認(rèn)知能力、營養(yǎng)狀況、心理及伴隨疾病等多方面,包括跌倒、軀體疾病、社交能力、抑郁等因素在內(nèi),概念上形成了衰弱表型模型和缺陷積累模型兩大類[14]。前者強(qiáng)調(diào)了身體多系統(tǒng)功能下降及儲(chǔ)備減少導(dǎo)致應(yīng)激因素下抵抗力下降而造成臨床治療中的不良后果;后者以不斷累加的損傷/缺陷因素對(duì)身體在應(yīng)激下的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來評(píng)估,缺陷累積比值越高,不良臨床結(jié)局甚至死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。衰弱表型模型的評(píng)估工具以Fried表型及FRAIL評(píng)分為代表;而缺陷積累模型則以加拿大健康與老齡化研究 (Canadian study of health and ageing,CSHA)衰弱指數(shù)及臨床衰弱量表 (clinical frailty scale,CFS) 評(píng)分為代表[15]。兩類模型派生的各種評(píng)估工具,無論是描述性或測(cè)算分值,在評(píng)估效果上無明顯差異。隨著大數(shù)據(jù)的逐步應(yīng)用及人工智能的使用,以北美地區(qū)的國家外科質(zhì)量改善項(xiàng)目(National Surgery Quality Improvement project,NSQIP)數(shù)據(jù)庫分析及計(jì)算機(jī)建模測(cè)試下的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型也在逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床[16-18]。總之,衰弱的評(píng)估與臨床,特別是與圍手術(shù)期患者的安全性之間的關(guān)系已引起普遍重視。如何從臨床上尋找一種簡(jiǎn)捷、快速而準(zhǔn)確的方法,依然是努力的方向。

        3 衰弱評(píng)估在泌尿外科圍手術(shù)期的應(yīng)用

        3.1 泌尿生殖系腫瘤 泌尿生殖系腫瘤的老齡患者比例不斷升高是臨床需面對(duì)的實(shí)際問題。與之伴隨的衰弱則是復(fù)雜的腫瘤手術(shù)安全性及術(shù)后不良后果的疊加因素。SUSKIND等[19]利用NSQIP數(shù)據(jù)庫,以衰弱指數(shù)為相關(guān)變量,重點(diǎn)觀察衰弱指數(shù)與手術(shù)后果的關(guān)系。結(jié)果提示衰弱指數(shù)高的患者,術(shù)后不良相關(guān)事件明顯增多(OR=1.74,95%CI:1.64~1.85)。PAIDAN等[20]以根治性膀胱切除術(shù)患者為例,關(guān)注以術(shù)后30 d及90 d為截點(diǎn)的并發(fā)癥及死亡率,經(jīng)多系統(tǒng)比較不同風(fēng)險(xiǎn)測(cè)算方法,結(jié)果提示非衰弱指數(shù)的各種預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果并無優(yōu)勢(shì),差別無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,建議應(yīng)采用與衰弱評(píng)估相關(guān)的工具進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)[20]。AMIN等[21]提出當(dāng)采用ASA評(píng)分或衰弱指數(shù)作為單一評(píng)估方法時(shí),兩者的結(jié)果無優(yōu)劣性差異,對(duì)泌尿系腫瘤的手術(shù)治療需要探索一種有效的綜合性多項(xiàng)評(píng)估工具,以保證手術(shù)的安全性。LASCAND等[22]采用不同分層及衰弱的綜合性評(píng)價(jià)方法,其結(jié)果肯定了對(duì)圍手術(shù)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)的作用,衰弱組中患者轉(zhuǎn)診ICU概率及其死亡率為獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,在復(fù)雜腫瘤手術(shù)患者中尤為明顯,也占用了更多的醫(yī)療資源。

        3.2 下尿路癥狀(lower urinary tract symptoms,LUTS) 衰弱作為與年齡相關(guān)的綜合征, 與LUTS人群高度重疊。其中,膀胱出口梗阻(bladder outlet obstruction,BOO)需行經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)(transurethral resection of the prostate,TURP)的老齡衰弱患者,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及轉(zhuǎn)入ICU的幾率明顯增加,住院時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),再入院甚至死亡率也高于非衰弱者組,尤其是留置導(dǎo)尿管的衰弱患者群體更加明顯[23]。值得關(guān)注的是高齡男性LUTS行藥物治療的安全性上,衰弱組患者的藥物不良反應(yīng)增加,包括對(duì)α-阻滯劑的敏感性增高、體位性低血壓、跌倒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等加劇了治療的不良后果,而抗膽堿能藥物的應(yīng)用則因?yàn)閷?duì)認(rèn)知功能的損傷,與衰弱進(jìn)程形成互為因果的關(guān)系[24-26]。對(duì)于衰弱指數(shù)高、認(rèn)知障礙及活動(dòng)受限的患者,混雜的癥狀呈多樣性,如膀胱過度活動(dòng)癥(bladder overactivity disorder,OAB)、混合性尿失禁以及膀胱活動(dòng)低下者,無論是藥物治療、行TURP或其他手術(shù)者,不安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)則更大,衰弱評(píng)估的重要性更加凸顯[27]。近期有報(bào)道提示衰弱與夜尿癥之間的相關(guān)性,衰弱組患者的夜間尿量、最大排尿量、夜間最大排尿量和夜間排尿量指標(biāo)明顯高于對(duì)照組,值得關(guān)注[28]。

        3.3 老年女性盆底功能障礙 眾多老年女性患者因?qū)ε拍?糞管控失調(diào)及盆腔臟器脫垂(pelvic organ prolapse,POP)而嚴(yán)重影響生活質(zhì)量。對(duì)這類患者,無論是采用手術(shù)或保守治療,其高齡化分布及多發(fā)慢性病的存在使臨床醫(yī)師不得不關(guān)注治療的安全性。EREKSON等[29]統(tǒng)計(jì)了150例年齡≥65歲患者組有16%為衰弱患者,21.3%伴認(rèn)知障礙,30.7%運(yùn)動(dòng)受限,且多重用藥,但仍有46%的患者需接受手術(shù)治療。而SUSKIN等[30]的大樣本分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與年齡相比,衰弱組POP手術(shù)后并發(fā)癥顯示出更顯著的相關(guān)性(OR=2.8,95%CI:1.8~3.0)。AMIN等[31]采用臨床衰弱指數(shù)(clinical frailty index,CFI)評(píng)價(jià)了一組盆底手術(shù)患者,入組≥65歲的患者263例,54.4%的患者有衰弱狀態(tài),程度越重且手術(shù)復(fù)雜者,其并發(fā)癥及死亡率明顯升高,認(rèn)為CFI的評(píng)估性能優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的Fried衰弱指數(shù)。近期一項(xiàng)綜合性文獻(xiàn)分析則提出,盡管衰弱影響到患者手術(shù)的結(jié)局,但盆底修復(fù)手術(shù)患者年齡的進(jìn)一步細(xì)分、降低修補(bǔ)網(wǎng)片負(fù)載量、手術(shù)的微創(chuàng)性、較少的失血等因素也可改善衰弱患者手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥及不良后果,術(shù)前衰弱的評(píng)估應(yīng)促進(jìn)有計(jì)劃地術(shù)后康復(fù)而不是被動(dòng)等待不良結(jié)局的出現(xiàn)[32]。就此,由盆底疾病網(wǎng)絡(luò)(pelvic floor disorders network,PFDN)發(fā)起的一項(xiàng)針對(duì)老年P(guān)OP手術(shù)術(shù)前衰弱評(píng)估的補(bǔ)充性試驗(yàn)就年齡、慢性共病、衰弱和運(yùn)動(dòng)能力下降等對(duì)術(shù)后結(jié)果的影響以及個(gè)性化的外科并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,并對(duì)這類患者擬采取相應(yīng)的術(shù)后綜合康復(fù)治療,研究結(jié)果值得期待[33]。

        3.4 泌尿系結(jié)石 以經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)為代表的泌尿系結(jié)石的治療方式,隨著微創(chuàng)手段的改進(jìn)和軟鏡等設(shè)備的拓展已成為主流。但尿源性膿毒血癥及手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥依然是治療安全的威脅之一,老齡結(jié)石患者無疑成為主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群。國內(nèi)學(xué)者的報(bào)道顯示一組≥70歲的結(jié)石患者,共病率達(dá)56.44%,女性占比79.21%;術(shù)后由大腸埃希菌引發(fā)的感染性休克占比為41.58%,其中超廣譜β-內(nèi)酰胺酶陽性占比為57%[34]。而同期國內(nèi)另一組資料比較不同年齡組[<60歲組vs.>60歲組(67.15±6.30歲)]患者的泌尿系結(jié)石細(xì)菌學(xué)特征時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)老年組中除大腸埃希菌為常見菌株外,糞腸球菌及肺炎克雷伯菌明顯高于低年齡組且有普遍耐藥傾向[35]。BHOJANI等[36]的Meta分析也顯示老齡化、共病狀態(tài)、術(shù)前內(nèi)支架置入、尿細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽性及手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)均為尿源性膿毒血癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素??梢姡ト蹙C合征中主要的構(gòu)成要素包括年齡、性別、行動(dòng)狀態(tài)、共病伴隨狀態(tài)及骨骼肌質(zhì)量的下降等,均是泌尿系結(jié)石手術(shù)并發(fā)癥及不良結(jié)局的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)因子[37]。ARO等[38]近期提出在泌尿系結(jié)石治療中,衰弱的評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)采取風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分層的評(píng)價(jià)工具綜合性應(yīng)用以及多學(xué)科(如:老年病學(xué))聯(lián)合評(píng)估,在預(yù)測(cè)手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的同時(shí),應(yīng)注重術(shù)前干預(yù),真正體現(xiàn)評(píng)估的意義。

        4 對(duì)衰弱的干預(yù)

        面對(duì)不斷擴(kuò)大的老齡化人群,衰弱狀態(tài)的評(píng)估已成為臨床治療安全性保障的重要前提。圍手術(shù)期患者年齡≥70歲者均應(yīng)推薦進(jìn)行衰弱評(píng)估,而復(fù)雜性病例則更應(yīng)采取多個(gè)工具綜合評(píng)估。衰弱機(jī)制的研究,特別是分子水平的認(rèn)知有待突破,以便在信號(hào)通路的關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)上有新的治療藥物問世[39]。VERONESE等[40]提出及早識(shí)別衰弱,即衰弱前狀態(tài),可能更有助于臨床干預(yù)。基于綜合性老年評(píng)估派生的多維度預(yù)后指數(shù)(multidimensional prognostic index,MPI),從運(yùn)動(dòng)功能、輔助性活動(dòng)、認(rèn)知、共病、營養(yǎng)、壓力性損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、多重用藥及居住方式8個(gè)方面,將積分點(diǎn)(0-0.5-1.0)的和除8后的3個(gè)分值段,即MPI<0.33、0.33~0.66、>0.66,將患者分為低、中、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組,強(qiáng)調(diào)了重視中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組(0.33~0.66衰弱前狀態(tài))的識(shí)別與區(qū)分,并采取針對(duì)性的干預(yù),可改善臨床治療結(jié)局。衰弱作為一種可控制狀態(tài),進(jìn)行針對(duì)性運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)鍛煉,包括阻力/有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)的實(shí)施、熱量特別是蛋白質(zhì)的提供、糾正潛在的貧血、維生素D的應(yīng)用及合理刪減日常多種藥物的長(zhǎng)期使用,可使衰弱前狀態(tài)有所改善從而增加圍手術(shù)期的安全性[41]。近期的國際專家調(diào)查方法形成的共識(shí)一致認(rèn)為衰弱前狀態(tài)與衰弱是一個(gè)連續(xù)過程,及早識(shí)別和介入干預(yù)可以形成較理想的管理策略及較好的結(jié)果[42]。我國老年病學(xué)專家的述評(píng)及共識(shí)提出加強(qiáng)老年人衰弱綜合征的防治,強(qiáng)調(diào)了發(fā)病機(jī)制、診斷與評(píng)估、管理和治療的必要性和迫切性[43-44]。

        總之,人口老齡化的擴(kuò)大與加速正在成為全球化趨勢(shì)。如何在保證治療效果的基礎(chǔ)上盡可能降低不良事件和死亡率,是一個(gè)必須面對(duì)的問題。相信隨著對(duì)衰弱評(píng)估的

        進(jìn)一步普及和重視,老齡人群中,特別是以老齡人群居多的泌尿外科圍手術(shù)期患者的治療方案及其決策模式將會(huì)有新的變化,醫(yī)療模式也將不斷更新。

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        (編輯 何宏靈)

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