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        早期胃癌內(nèi)鏡下非治愈性切除危險(xiǎn)因素及其管理的研究進(jìn)展

        2024-01-22 00:00:00徐詩宇李學(xué)良
        胃腸病學(xué) 2024年5期
        關(guān)鍵詞:危險(xiǎn)因素

        摘要 隨著內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,內(nèi)鏡黏膜下剝離術(shù)(ESD)已經(jīng)逐漸取代了傳統(tǒng)的外科手術(shù),成為早期胃癌的常規(guī)治療方法。但近年來非治愈性切除(NCR)病例呈增多趨勢。NCR與局部腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、預(yù)后不良密切相關(guān)。NCR患者常需要接受額外的治療,增加了患者的身體和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。本文就早期胃癌內(nèi)鏡下NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素及其管理的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,旨在為早期胃癌臨床治療方案的選擇提供一定參考。

        關(guān)鍵詞 胃腫瘤; 內(nèi)鏡黏膜下剝離術(shù); 非治愈性切除; 危險(xiǎn)因素

        Risk Factors and Management of Non?curative Endoscopic Resection of Early Gastric Cancer XU Shiyu, LI Xueliang. Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing (210029)

        Correspondence to: LI Xueliang, Email: ligakur@aliyun.com

        Abstract With the development of endoscopic technology, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has gradually replaced traditional surgery and emerged as a standard treatment for early gastric cancer. However, in recent years, the number of non?curative resection (NCR) cases has been on the rise. NCR is closely associated with local tumor recurrence, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. Patients with NCR often need to receive additional treatment, thereby increasing the physical and economic burden of the patients. This article reviewed the research progress of the risk factors and management of NCR in early gastric cancer patients treated with ESD, with the aim of providing some reference for the selection of clinical treatment regimens.

        Key words Stomach Neoplasms; Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection; Non?Curative Resection; Risk Factors

        胃癌是消化道惡性腫瘤中極為常見的一種,發(fā)病率在全球范圍內(nèi)居第5位。胃癌早期癥狀不明顯,診斷時(shí)常已處于晚期,死亡率高,是全球第3大常見癌癥死亡原因[1]。早期胃癌是指局限于黏膜層或黏膜下層的胃癌,無論有無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(lymph node metastasis, LNM)[2]。隨著內(nèi)鏡設(shè)備的不斷更新和技術(shù)的不斷成熟,內(nèi)鏡黏膜下剝離術(shù)(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)已逐漸取代了傳統(tǒng)的外科手術(shù),成為治療早期胃癌的一線治療方法[3?5]。然而,隨著ESD的普及以及適應(yīng)證范圍逐漸擴(kuò)大,非治愈性切除(non?curative resection,NCR)病例呈增多趨勢[6]。本文就早期胃癌內(nèi)鏡下NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素及其管理的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

        一、ESD的適應(yīng)證

        2022年日本胃癌協(xié)會(huì)(Japanese Gastric Cancer Asso?ciation, JGCA)發(fā)布了第6版《2021年日本胃癌治療指南》[7],將ESD的絕對(duì)適應(yīng)證范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大(表1)。擴(kuò)大適應(yīng)證的范圍修改為:符合絕對(duì)適應(yīng)證的分化型黏膜內(nèi)腺癌(cT1a),在初次eCura C?1切除后局部復(fù)發(fā)。不符合絕對(duì)適應(yīng)證或擴(kuò)大適應(yīng)證的病變列為相對(duì)適應(yīng)證,這類病變常推薦手術(shù)切除。然而,在某些患者群體中,尤其是高齡、伴有多種基礎(chǔ)疾病、一般情況較差的個(gè)體,傳統(tǒng)的外科手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,在這種情況下,內(nèi)鏡下切除是一種重要的治療選擇。

        二、NCR的概念和eCura評(píng)分

        NCR是指不符合治愈性切除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的情況,符合下列條件之一者即可判定為NCR:①病灶未能整塊切除;②病灶未能完全切除,即水平切緣或垂直切緣陽性;③存在脈管浸潤;④不符合LNM的低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)條件[8]。2017年 Hatta等[9]提出了早期胃癌ESD術(shù)后可治愈性評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng),即eCura系統(tǒng),目的是從腫瘤切除的完整性和LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)兩個(gè)維度來評(píng)估患者預(yù)后。第5版《2018年日本胃癌治療指南》[10]即應(yīng)用eCura系統(tǒng)代替了“治愈性/非治愈性切除”的表達(dá)。根據(jù)第6版《2021年日本胃癌治療指南》[7],eCura系統(tǒng)將可治愈性分為A、B、C 三個(gè)等級(jí),絕對(duì)治愈性切除對(duì)應(yīng)eCura A,相對(duì)治愈性切除對(duì)應(yīng)eCura B,NCR對(duì)應(yīng)eCura C。其中eCura C進(jìn)一步根據(jù)LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)又可分為eCura C?1和eCura C?2。在分化型腺癌中,滿足eCura A或eCura B的其他條件,但未實(shí)現(xiàn)整塊切除或術(shù)后病理提示邊緣陽性時(shí),歸類為eCura C?1。其余eCura C切除均歸類為eCura C?2(表2)。

        Hatta等[9]同時(shí)提出了eCura評(píng)分,從以下數(shù)個(gè)方面評(píng)價(jià)LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn):淋巴管侵犯、腫瘤大小、垂直切緣、脈管侵犯以及浸潤深度,評(píng)分高者LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大,預(yù)后較差(表3)。

        三、NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素

        近年來,內(nèi)鏡下NCR病例呈增多趨勢,內(nèi)鏡下NCR率可達(dá)11.9%~23.8%[11?15]。多項(xiàng)研究表明,NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素主要包括內(nèi)鏡下特征、病理學(xué)特征、臨床操作和其他。

        1. 內(nèi)鏡下特征:ESD術(shù)前需進(jìn)行詳細(xì)內(nèi)鏡檢查評(píng)估病灶。Han等[14]研究了9種內(nèi)鏡下特征與NCR的關(guān)系,包括發(fā)紅、潰瘍、瘢痕、滲出、血性分泌物、褪色、皺襞集中、邊緣結(jié)節(jié)以及表面結(jié)節(jié),結(jié)果表明內(nèi)鏡下觀察到發(fā)紅、褪色、皺襞集中、腫瘤直徑≥2 cm是NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素,而潰瘍并不是NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素。但其他研究[16?18]認(rèn)為潰瘍與NCR有關(guān)。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究[12]表明腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)、邊緣抬高是NCR危險(xiǎn)因素之一。而Han等[14]的研究顯示腫瘤結(jié)節(jié)、邊緣抬高與深部黏膜下浸潤、垂直切緣陽性以及淋巴脈管浸潤呈正相關(guān)。

        韓國的一項(xiàng)多中心回顧性研究[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤位于胃體上部亦是NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素,此可能與賁門和胃底部黏膜下層較其他部位薄且內(nèi)鏡操作復(fù)雜有關(guān)。

        Ohara等[19]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),淺表隆起和凹陷病變類型(0?Ⅱa+Ⅱc或0?Ⅱc+Ⅱa)是NCR的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且同時(shí)伴有腫瘤體積大時(shí),NCR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。同時(shí),該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)淺表隆起和凹陷型是提示SM2浸潤的宏觀表現(xiàn)。

        2. 病理學(xué)特征:ESD切除的標(biāo)本需進(jìn)行規(guī)范處理和詳細(xì)的病理檢查,按照eCura系統(tǒng)評(píng)估治愈性和LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。未分化腫瘤、黏膜浸潤深度超過SM1是目前公認(rèn)的NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素,且意味著LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高[16,18,20?21]。

        混合型胃癌是指含有未分化型成分的分化型癌或含有分化型成分的未分化型癌。混合型腫瘤與NCR的關(guān)系目前存在爭議。有研究[22?23]認(rèn)為,混合型腫瘤的治愈性切除率低于其他病理類型的早期胃癌,不論其病灶直徑如何,均應(yīng)被視為NCR的顯著危險(xiǎn)因素。但Tang等[24]的研究表明,符合內(nèi)鏡下治療絕對(duì)適應(yīng)證的分化/未分化混合型腫瘤與LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低且預(yù)后良好相關(guān),不應(yīng)視為內(nèi)鏡下治療的非治愈性因素。相關(guān)結(jié)論尚需行大樣本多中心研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。

        3. 臨床操作和其他:Ma等[17]的研究表明病灶非整塊切除與NCR相關(guān),此既是NCR的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),亦是NCR的危險(xiǎn)因素。此外,內(nèi)鏡下黏膜切除術(shù)(endoscopic mucosal resection, EMR)亦與NCR相關(guān),但隨著ESD的普及,EMR在早期胃癌治療中的地位逐漸下降[17]。有研究[25]表明手術(shù)時(shí)間長、手術(shù)醫(yī)師經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足與NCR風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高顯著相關(guān)。而從確診為胃癌到ESD手術(shù)的等待時(shí)間與NCR無關(guān)[26]。

        胃癌篩查間隔時(shí)間與NCR相關(guān)。韓國一項(xiàng)研究[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),接受胃癌篩查患者的治愈性切除率較未接受過胃癌篩查者顯著升高,且篩查間隔較短與治愈性切除呈正相關(guān)。

        NCR與腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)、LNM、預(yù)后不良密切相關(guān),高達(dá)5%~11%的NCR患者存在LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[21,28]。NCR患者常需接受額外治療,增加了患者的身體和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。為預(yù)防NCR發(fā)生,需術(shù)前仔細(xì)觀察病灶,評(píng)估NCR發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

        四、管理

        1. 術(shù)后管理:NCR患者由于存在LNM和局部腫瘤殘留的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),需進(jìn)行額外治療。第6版《2021年日本胃癌治療指南》建議,eCura C?1患者可選擇重復(fù)ESD、密切隨訪、追加外科手術(shù)或內(nèi)鏡下消融;eCura C?2患者建議追加外科手術(shù),對(duì)于高齡或因合并癥無法手術(shù)的患者可選擇隨訪[7]。目前尚未有針對(duì)老年患者的治療指南。在老年患者中,非癌癥相關(guān)死亡率、生活質(zhì)量和疾病特異性死亡率更為重要,特別是當(dāng)治療預(yù)計(jì)不會(huì)影響患者的總生存率(overall survival, OS)時(shí),生活質(zhì)量是關(guān)鍵的次要結(jié)局指標(biāo)[29]。對(duì)于此類患者是否追加手術(shù)仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

        2. 追加內(nèi)鏡下治療:Kim等[30]研究了單純側(cè)切緣陽性的NCR患者追加內(nèi)鏡治療和外科手術(shù)的結(jié)局對(duì)比,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)追加內(nèi)鏡治療組和手術(shù)組均未見LNM,隨訪期間僅1例接受額外內(nèi)鏡下氬等離子體凝固術(shù)(APC)的患者出現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。說明對(duì)于單純側(cè)切緣陽性患者,追加內(nèi)鏡下治療即足夠了。然而,由于隨訪時(shí)間較短[平均隨訪(29.1±24.1)個(gè)月],該研究結(jié)果受到一定限制。2022年Kim等[31]的長期結(jié)局研究(中位隨訪時(shí)間為58.9個(gè)月)結(jié)果顯示追加ESD、APC的長期結(jié)果與手術(shù)相當(dāng)。Jeon等[32]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)側(cè)切緣陽性是惟一的非治愈性因素時(shí),在3個(gè)月內(nèi)追加內(nèi)鏡下治療可提高無病生存率。上述研究提示,對(duì)于此類患者,LNM發(fā)生率較低,追加內(nèi)鏡下治療是安全有效的治療措施。由于APC不能獲得組織樣本評(píng)估腫瘤殘留情況,因此首選ESD或EMR,當(dāng)無法明確病灶邊緣或纖維化嚴(yán)重程度、考慮患者年齡和并發(fā)癥而難以再次行ESD時(shí),可以選擇APC[32]。

        3. 追加外科手術(shù):多項(xiàng)研究[33?36]推薦NCR患者追加外科手術(shù),且多項(xiàng)meta分析表明NCR患者中,額外手術(shù)組的5年OS和疾病特異性生存期均優(yōu)于單純隨訪組,證實(shí)額外手術(shù)能為NCR患者提供生存獲益[37?39]。然而,值得注意的是,在諸多病例中,額外手術(shù)的術(shù)后病理提示既無LNM,亦無局部殘留腫瘤。因此,確定合適的NCR患者進(jìn)行額外手術(shù)治療至關(guān)重要。多項(xiàng)研究[40?42]表明,eCura評(píng)分系統(tǒng)能較好地輔助NCR后治療措施的選擇,對(duì)于eCura評(píng)分為高危組的NCR患者,應(yīng)追加外科手術(shù)。

        目前,關(guān)于東方和西方胃癌的不同生物學(xué)行為還存在部分爭議,且東方和西方病理學(xué)家在病理標(biāo)本處理和組織病理學(xué)分析方面存在一定差異。西方學(xué)者進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)臨床研究[43]顯示eCura評(píng)分系統(tǒng)亦適用于西方,且其發(fā)現(xiàn)將eCura評(píng)分中黏膜下層浸潤深度gt;500 μm的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提高至gt;1 000 μm后,該評(píng)分的準(zhǔn)確性更高,并將修改后的評(píng)分系統(tǒng)稱為W?eCura評(píng)分。但該研究存在局限性,需進(jìn)一步在外部隊(duì)列中與eCura評(píng)分進(jìn)行比較[44]。

        針對(duì)追加手術(shù)的時(shí)機(jī),Kim等[45]分析了154例接受額外手術(shù)的NCR患者,按手術(shù)的時(shí)間間隔點(diǎn)將患者分為較早手術(shù)組(A組)和延遲手術(shù)組(B組),評(píng)估兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間和估計(jì)術(shù)中失血量,明確了差異最大的兩次手術(shù)間隔時(shí)間點(diǎn)(29 d),結(jié)果顯示A組的手術(shù)時(shí)間更長、估計(jì)術(shù)中失血量更多。在此基礎(chǔ)上,Cha等[46]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)長期隨訪研究,以29 d為分界限,將302例NCR患者按追加手術(shù)的間隔時(shí)間分為A組(≤29 d)和B組(gt;29 d),結(jié)果顯示兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間、估計(jì)術(shù)中失血量差異在29 d最為明顯,且B組(gt;29 d)的生存率更高,表現(xiàn)出更好的手術(shù)和腫瘤學(xué)結(jié)果。且手術(shù)的間隔時(shí)間對(duì)主要并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率無顯著影響。因此,NCR后追加手術(shù)以延遲1個(gè)月為宜。Duan等[47]的研究亦認(rèn)為延遲1個(gè)月后再行手術(shù)的安全性更高。但王萌等[48]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),延遲手術(shù)組(ESD后30~90 d追加外科手術(shù))比早期手術(shù)組(ESD后≤29 d追加外科手術(shù))的LNM率略高,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,故在決策時(shí)應(yīng)保持警惕,避免延遲手術(shù)可能帶來的LNM風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)于存在脈管癌栓危險(xiǎn)因素的患者,建議根據(jù)其具體病情和身體狀況,適當(dāng)減少手術(shù)前的等待時(shí)間[48]。

        五、結(jié)語

        綜上所述,早期胃癌患者在進(jìn)行ESD前需進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的內(nèi)鏡檢查,結(jié)合病理學(xué)結(jié)果,評(píng)估NCR危險(xiǎn)因素,以降低NCR發(fā)生率。NCR術(shù)后管理措施包括密切隨訪、追加內(nèi)鏡下治療、追加外科手術(shù)等,但目前仍缺少規(guī)范化的治療意見,尤其是針對(duì)老年群體,后續(xù)有待進(jìn)行更多的研究明確針對(duì)不同群體的NCR規(guī)范化管理措施。

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        (2024?03?06收稿;2024?05?18修回)

        (本文編輯:歐洋肖)

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