摘要 便秘是臨床常見癥狀,常繼發(fā)于藥物或其他疾病。多種常見藥物如鎮(zhèn)痛藥、抗膽堿能藥、5?羥色胺受體拮抗劑等可誘發(fā)便秘,即藥物性便秘。本文就誘發(fā)便秘的常見藥物進(jìn)行分類,對其藥理機(jī)制、分型、相關(guān)臨床試驗(yàn)和動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析總結(jié),以指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)師通過調(diào)整藥物或用藥途徑、改變生活方式以及合理使用瀉劑或外周作用的μ?阿片受體拮抗劑等方式進(jìn)行藥物性便秘的防治。
關(guān)鍵詞 便秘; 藥物; 預(yù)防; 治療
Drug?induced Constipation: Summarization of Common Drugs Causing Constipation and Strategies for Prevention and Treatment KANG Ying1,2, WANG Meifeng2, TANG Yurong2, WANG Fangyu1, LIN Lin2. 1Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing (210002); 2Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
Correspondence to: LIN Lin, Email: lin9100@aliyun.com
Abstract Constipation is a common clinical symptom, often secondary to drugs or other disorders. Various common drugs such as analgesics, anticholinergic drugs, 5?hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists, etc., can induce constipation, namely drug?induced constipation. This article categorized the common drugs that trigger constipation, analyzed and summarized the pharmacological mechanisms, classification, relevant clinical trials and animal experiment data, in order to guide clinicians in the prevention and treatment of drug?induced constipation through adjusting drugs or administration routes, modifying lifestyles, and using laxatives or peripherally acting μ?opioid receptor antagonists rationally.
Key words Constipation; Drugs; Prevention; Therapy
便秘是一種常見的臨床癥狀,通常表現(xiàn)為排便困難、排便次數(shù)減少或糞便干硬[1]。慢性便秘可以分為原發(fā)性便秘和繼發(fā)性便秘。繼發(fā)性便秘發(fā)生的主要原因包括藥物和器質(zhì)性疾病,而藥物性便秘則由藥物所引發(fā)[2]。在治療便秘時(shí),臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)首先對誘發(fā)便秘的常見藥物有充分的認(rèn)識(shí),仔細(xì)詢問患者的用藥史,以便制定合適的治療方案。本文就消化內(nèi)科和其他內(nèi)科(心內(nèi)科、神經(jīng)內(nèi)科、腫瘤內(nèi)科等)常見導(dǎo)致便秘的藥物進(jìn)行總結(jié),以期為臨床工作者提供幫助和參考。
一、鎮(zhèn)痛藥
1. 阿片類藥物:阿片類藥物為罌粟中提取的生物堿和衍生物,如嗎啡、可待因等,是治療急性和慢性疼痛常用、有效的止痛藥,其胃腸道不良反應(yīng)以阿片相關(guān)便秘(opioid?induced constipation, OIC)最常見且最受關(guān)注。根據(jù)羅馬Ⅳ診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),OIC定義為阿片類藥物開始用藥、更改方案或增加劑量后出現(xiàn)或加重的便秘,不使用瀉藥時(shí)極少有松散糞便,且便秘癥狀需符合功能性便秘診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3]。多項(xiàng)研究[4?5]提示,41%的非癌性疼痛患者使用阿片類藥物8周后會(huì)發(fā)生OIC,高達(dá)81%的癌性和非癌性疼痛患者會(huì)發(fā)生OIC,且OIC會(huì)持續(xù)存在于用藥的全過程。
阿片類藥物主要通過與神經(jīng)元上的3種G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體(μ?阿片受體、δ?阿片受體和κ?阿片受體)結(jié)合而發(fā)揮作用[6]。在腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中,阿片類藥物引起腸道興奮性神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞膜超極化,抑制興奮性遞質(zhì)釋放,阻斷腸道擴(kuò)張誘發(fā)的縱肌層蠕動(dòng)性收縮;同時(shí)也作用于抑制性神經(jīng)元,阻斷抑制性遞質(zhì)釋放,引起環(huán)肌層產(chǎn)生更強(qiáng)、更頻繁的非蠕動(dòng)性收縮。這些作用使腸道傳輸時(shí)間延長,腸腔內(nèi)液體再吸收增加。阿片類藥物可抑制黏膜下促分泌神經(jīng)元,減少水和電解質(zhì)的分泌,導(dǎo)致糞便更干燥;亦可增加肛門括約肌張力,加劇排便困難[7?8]。臨床研究提示阿片類藥物可延遲健康志愿者的胃排空,延長口腔?盲腸傳輸時(shí)間和結(jié)腸傳輸時(shí)間[9?10]。另一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)比較了常見阿片類藥物致大鼠便秘的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)嗎啡?6?葡萄糖苷酸、芬太尼、丁丙諾啡是阿片類受體的完全激動(dòng)劑,致便秘作用呈劑量依賴性;羥考酮是部分激動(dòng)劑,在特定劑量范圍內(nèi)引起便秘發(fā)生;嗎啡產(chǎn)生鐘形劑量?反應(yīng)曲線,即一定劑量范圍內(nèi)呈劑量依賴性致便秘作用,超過閾值劑量后致便秘作用則會(huì)減弱或逆轉(zhuǎn)[11]。其中,嗎啡?6?葡萄糖苷酸致便秘作用最強(qiáng)[11]。
2. 非甾體抗炎藥(non?steroidal anti?inflammatory drug, NSAID):NSAID包括布洛芬、萘普生、吲哚美辛、保泰松片等,可通過抑制環(huán)氧合酶,減少炎性介質(zhì)前列腺素的生成,從而發(fā)揮解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗炎的作用。NSAID常見不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生在胃腸道,尤其是上消化道,但亦有多項(xiàng)研究提示NSAID可致便秘[12?13]。痛風(fēng)患者口服萘普生1周的便秘發(fā)生率為19.3%,口服4周的便秘發(fā)生率為6.7%[13]。多項(xiàng)早期實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,阿司匹林和吲哚美辛不僅可抑制霍亂毒素和其他病原菌,如沙門菌屬和志賀菌屬誘導(dǎo)的小腸分泌,還可促進(jìn)正常小腸對水和電解質(zhì)的重吸收 [14?17]。
二、抗膽堿能藥
抗膽堿能藥通過拮抗中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和外周組織中的乙酰膽堿而發(fā)揮作用,乙酰膽堿的功能包括神經(jīng)肌肉連接處的化學(xué)傳遞、外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的自主神經(jīng)功能,以及參與中樞介導(dǎo)的認(rèn)知過程,如注意力、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶。膽堿能受體分為毒蕈堿受體和煙堿受體。毒蕈堿受體是G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,其5種亞型(M1~M5)均在大腦中表達(dá),參與高級認(rèn)知過程[18]。M2和M3受體是人類消化道、膀胱功能最重要的受體,M2受體在調(diào)節(jié)心功能中有顯著作用[19]。煙堿受體屬于配體門控離子通道超家族,分布于副交感神經(jīng)元和神經(jīng)肌肉連接處。
臨床使用的抗膽堿能藥包括天然的、半合成和全合成的化合物??鼓憠A能藥具有多種功能,如抗分泌活性,抗過敏(如苯海拉明),抑制胃酸分泌(如西咪替丁),可松弛胃腸道(如東莨菪堿、雙環(huán)維林)、膀胱(如達(dá)非那新、奧昔布寧)和支氣管(如異丙托溴銨)的平滑肌,治療胃腸道痙攣、膀胱過度活動(dòng)、哮喘、慢性支氣管炎等。一些抗膽堿能藥具有止吐作用(如茶苯海明),可用于預(yù)防暈車或圍手術(shù)期的惡心嘔吐,或可提高心率(如阿托品),用于治療心動(dòng)過緩,或可以阻斷中樞膽堿能受體(如苯托品、雙哌啶),幫助平衡基底神經(jīng)節(jié)的膽堿能傳遞,可用于治療帕金森病。一些治療精神病藥物(如氯氮平、氟哌啶醇、利培酮),抗抑郁藥(三環(huán)類藥物如阿米替林)作用于腦內(nèi)多種受體,亦有抗膽堿能活性。目前所知超過600種藥物具有或高或低的抗膽堿能活性[18]。
便秘是抗膽堿能藥常見的不良反應(yīng)。在所有的抗精神病藥物中,氯氮平的致便秘作用最強(qiáng),氯氮平相關(guān)性便秘的患病率為31.2%,服用氯氮平的患者發(fā)生便秘的概率是服用其他抗精神病藥患者的3倍[20]。另有研究[21]提示,服用氯氮平的患者中位結(jié)腸傳輸時(shí)間為110 h,高于正常值4倍以上。便秘可導(dǎo)致患者發(fā)生腸梗阻、缺血性結(jié)腸炎、中毒性巨結(jié)腸,甚至死亡[22]。另有關(guān)于抗膽堿能藥治療膀胱過度活動(dòng)癥的meta分析提示,抗膽堿能藥組較安慰劑組整體更易發(fā)生便秘(OR=2.18),其中索利那新致便秘的作用最強(qiáng)(OR=3.02)[23]。
三、5?羥色胺(5?hydroxytryptamine, 5?HT)受體拮抗劑
5?HT由腸黏膜嗜鉻細(xì)胞合成和分泌,通過腸神經(jīng)元中5?HT3和5?HT4受體,刺激腸上皮分泌、促進(jìn)腸蠕動(dòng),亦可導(dǎo)致腹痛和腹部不適、早飽和惡心[24]。5?HT受體拮抗劑主要指5?HT3受體拮抗劑,包括昂丹司瓊、格拉司瓊等。5?HT3受體拮抗劑有止吐作用,降低腸道推進(jìn)力,抑制腸液分泌,對治療腹瀉型腸易激綜合征有效[24?26]。便秘是這類藥物最常見的不良反應(yīng)[24?25]。昂丹司瓊可以減慢健康人的結(jié)腸傳輸[27]。
四、膽汁酸螯合劑
膽汁酸螯合劑在腸道中與膽汁酸結(jié)合形成不溶性復(fù)合物,可中斷膽汁酸的腸肝循環(huán),耗盡膽汁酸池,促進(jìn)肝臟中膽固醇向膽汁酸的轉(zhuǎn)化,降低血清膽固醇水平。盡管其在消化道不被吸收而避免了全身影響,但常會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃腸道不良反應(yīng),尤其是便秘??诜紒硐┌分委熢l(fā)性高膽固醇血癥,12周后約28%的患者出現(xiàn)便秘,口服1年后則有39%的患者發(fā)生便秘,服用7年仍有8%的患者存在便秘癥狀[28?29]。一項(xiàng)多中心隨機(jī)對照研究[30]中,口服考來替泊治療Ⅱa型高脂蛋白血癥半年后,26%的患者發(fā)生便秘。相較于考來烯胺和考來替泊,考來維侖致便秘作用較弱,服用該藥物52周治療糖尿病,約3.3%的患者發(fā)生便秘[31?32]。
五、抗高血壓藥
1. 鈣離子拮抗劑:鈣離子拮抗劑可在細(xì)胞膜去極化時(shí)阻止鈣離子進(jìn)入血管平滑肌和心肌細(xì)胞,主要作用是松弛血管平滑肌,促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈血管舒張而治療高血壓。從藥理機(jī)制上可分為2類:①具有血管舒張和心臟抑制作用的藥物,如維拉帕米、地爾硫卓;②具有血管舒張但沒有心臟抑制的藥物,如二氫吡啶類藥物,包括硝苯地平、氨氯地平等。導(dǎo)致患者便秘是鈣離子拮抗劑常見的不良反應(yīng),特別是維拉帕米,便秘的發(fā)生率為10%~50%[33?34]。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,鈣離子拮抗劑也可抑制結(jié)腸平滑肌收縮,可能是影響了神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放,從而改變胃腸運(yùn)動(dòng)[35]。臨床研究還提示,維拉帕米可延遲結(jié)腸傳輸,硝苯地平明顯延長了液體熱量餐的口腔?盲腸傳輸時(shí)間,并且顯著降低刺激后和餐后的結(jié)腸收縮活動(dòng)[36?39]。
2. β受體阻滯劑:β受體阻滯劑是β?腎上腺素能受體(β?adrenergic receptor, β?AR)的競爭性拮抗劑,常用于治療高血壓、缺血性心臟病、心力衰竭、偏頭痛、青光眼等疾病。目前已知3種β?AR亞型,即β1?AR、β2?AR和β3?AR。刺激心臟β1?AR可增強(qiáng)心肌收縮力(正性肌力作用),并增強(qiáng)心肌傳導(dǎo)和提升心率。第一代β受體阻滯劑(如普萘洛爾)非選擇性阻斷β?AR,第二代β受體阻滯劑(如美托洛爾、比索洛爾)為選擇性β1?AR阻滯劑,第三代β受體阻滯劑(如卡維地洛)非選擇性阻斷β?AR,亦阻斷α1?腎上腺素能受體(α1?adrenergic receptor, α1?AR),所以亦有血管擴(kuò)張的作用。β受體阻滯劑亦有致便秘作用。多項(xiàng)研究[40?41]報(bào)道普萘洛爾所致便秘的發(fā)生率為11%,阿替洛爾治療增生性嬰幼兒血管瘤的便秘發(fā)生率為9.6%。
3. 可樂定:可樂定是一種α?AR激動(dòng)劑,作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)心血管中樞突觸后α2?AR,致交感神經(jīng)信號(hào)輸出減少??蓸范ú⒉皇峭耆?dòng)劑,其部分降壓效應(yīng)也可能是突觸前α?AR的拮抗作用[42]。可樂定也作用于腸道α2?AR,直接刺激水和電解質(zhì)的吸收[43?44]。另外,可樂定還可延長小腸傳輸時(shí)間,抑制結(jié)腸運(yùn)動(dòng)[45?46]。研究表明,可樂定不僅能防治瀉藥引起的腹瀉,亦可抑制正常排便,甚至誘發(fā)假性腸梗阻[47?49]。
4. 利尿劑:Talley等[2]利用高質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)庫研究發(fā)現(xiàn),利尿劑是慢性便秘患者的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(OR=1.7,人群歸因風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為5.6%)。
六、抗心律失常藥
胺碘酮能延長心房和心室動(dòng)作電位持續(xù)時(shí)間和有效不應(yīng)期,對所有類型快速型心律失常均有顯著療效,是應(yīng)用最廣泛的抗心律失常藥物。便秘則是胺碘酮治療期間患者常見的主訴[50]。Greene等[51]觀察的70例口服胺碘酮治療心律失常的患者中,38例發(fā)生便秘,1例發(fā)生腸梗阻。
七、抗癲癇藥
抗癲癇藥包括卡馬西平、苯妥英、丙戊酸鈉等,是最常用的中樞活性藥物,不僅能治療癲癇,也能治療不同類型疼痛和精神疾病。抗癲癇藥可引發(fā)各種胃腸道不良反應(yīng),包括便秘[52]。有研究[53]發(fā)現(xiàn)單一或聯(lián)合抗癲癇藥長期治療患者的便秘發(fā)生率為27.3%。相較于其他抗癲癇藥,卡馬西平具有更強(qiáng)的致便秘作用,發(fā)生率為10.6%,若聯(lián)合苯二氮卓類藥則致便秘發(fā)生率升至29.0%[54]。
八、化學(xué)治療藥物
在接受化學(xué)治療的癌癥患者中,便秘總患病率為16%,是僅次于惡心和厭食的第3常見胃腸道癥狀[55]。盡管化學(xué)治療藥物導(dǎo)致便秘的機(jī)制仍未完全明確,但很可能是對腸神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的損害、腸神經(jīng)元丟失、胃腸傳輸時(shí)間延長、抑制結(jié)腸推進(jìn)性蠕動(dòng)所致[55?58]。導(dǎo)致便秘的化學(xué)治療藥物包括長春花生物堿(如長春新堿)、鉑類和沙利度胺。以長春新堿為例,化學(xué)治療藥物可干預(yù)神經(jīng)元超微結(jié)構(gòu)引發(fā)神經(jīng)纖維變性,通過破壞神經(jīng)小管和軸漿轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)機(jī)制引起軸突損傷[57]。在多項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,長春新堿可延遲胃排空,亦可增加小腸張力,導(dǎo)致持久的小腸痙攣,改變小腸肌電活動(dòng)、延長小腸傳輸時(shí)間[58?60]。
九、含陽離子的藥物
抗酸劑中的鋁鹽和鈣鹽通常會(huì)引起便秘。含鋁抗酸劑最常見的不良反應(yīng)即為便秘,鋁鹽在胃中與胃酸生成氯化鋁,這種不溶性鋁鹽會(huì)導(dǎo)致便秘[61]。碳酸鈣在胃中與胃酸反應(yīng)生成氯化鈣、二氧化碳和水,90%的氯化鈣在小腸中轉(zhuǎn)化為不溶性鈣鹽,而鈣鹽會(huì)引起便秘[61]。次水楊酸鉍可拮抗前列腺素,從而抑制腸道炎癥、減少腸液分泌,可用于治療各種原因?qū)е碌母篂a,有效預(yù)防和治療旅行者腹瀉。常見不良反應(yīng)包括黑便、便秘和惡心嘔吐[62]。其他含陽離子的藥物如硫酸亞鐵,亦可導(dǎo)致便秘[63]。
十、藥物性便秘的防治
首先建議患者調(diào)整日常生活習(xí)慣。食用包含大量高纖維的食物,包括豆類、蔬菜、水果、全谷物和麩皮,每日攝入25~30 g膳食纖維,有助于保持水分,從而促進(jìn)排便。每日飲用1 500~2 000 mL水。盡可能多活動(dòng),規(guī)律鍛煉,按摩腹部。不要忽視便意,及時(shí)排便。養(yǎng)成每日早晨和餐后定時(shí)排便的習(xí)慣,并盡量采用蹲位排便,或腳踩小板凳的坐位排便。排便時(shí)應(yīng)注意力集中,盡量不做其他事情。
當(dāng)使用非阿片類藥物時(shí),宜增加膳食纖維、液體攝入和運(yùn)動(dòng)量,以及養(yǎng)成良好的排便習(xí)慣,通??梢灶A(yù)防便秘。如果調(diào)整生活方式后,便秘并未改善,則需要使用通便藥和(或)瀉劑,在使用瀉劑前需確保不存在腸梗阻(定期胃腸鏡檢查)[64]。常用的瀉劑包括容積型瀉藥(如車前草、聚卡波非鈣)、滲透性瀉藥(如聚乙二醇、磷酸鈉鹽、氫氧化鎂、乳果糖)、刺激性瀉藥(如比沙可啶、匹可硫酸鈉、番瀉葉、蘆薈)、促分泌劑(如利那洛肽、蘆比前列酮)和促動(dòng)力藥物(如普蘆卡必利)。
對于OIC患者,第一步需確認(rèn)阿片類藥物治療的適應(yīng)證,且為最低有效劑量。隨后,可更換其他致便秘作用較弱的阿片類藥物(如他噴他多),或更改用藥途徑(口服轉(zhuǎn)變至經(jīng)皮貼劑)。因膳食纖維較少會(huì)影響到結(jié)腸動(dòng)力,故對OIC的療效有限。推薦瀉劑作為OIC一線治療藥物,有效的瀉劑包括滲透性瀉藥(聚乙二醇、乳果糖等)和刺激性瀉藥(比沙可啶、匹可硫酸鈉等)。外周作用的μ?阿片受體拮抗劑(peripherally acting μ?opioid receptor antagonist, PAMORA)治療OIC患者時(shí),僅拮抗腸道μ?阿片受體,并不能穿透血腦屏障,因此,不影響阿片類藥物的中樞鎮(zhèn)痛作用或引起阿片類戒斷癥狀。即使調(diào)整生活方式并服用瀉劑后,仍有超過50%服用阿片類藥物的患者發(fā)生OIC。對于經(jīng)驗(yàn)性瀉劑治療無效的OIC患者,建議采用PAMORA治療,包括納地美定、納洛昔醇、甲基納曲酮[65]。蘆比前列酮、普蘆卡必利、利那洛肽對OIC患者也有療效,可用于對瀉劑和PAMORA治療無效的患者[66?68]。
十一、總結(jié)與展望
便秘是消化內(nèi)科門診常見的患者主訴癥狀之一,許多藥物的不良反應(yīng)即為便秘。常見致便秘的藥物包括鎮(zhèn)痛藥、抗膽堿能藥、5?HT受體拮抗劑、膽汁酸螯合劑、抗高血壓藥、抗心律失常藥、抗癲癇藥、化學(xué)治療藥物、含陽離子的藥物等。臨床醫(yī)師在開具處方時(shí)需充分考慮藥物的不良反應(yīng),盡可能避免致便秘作用強(qiáng)的藥物。對患者耐心宣教藥物導(dǎo)致便秘的可能性,囑患者不可擅自增減藥量,向患者傳授便秘的預(yù)防策略,鼓勵(lì)患者出現(xiàn)藥物性便秘后應(yīng)及時(shí)與醫(yī)師溝通。臨床醫(yī)師在診治便秘患者時(shí),需仔細(xì)檢查患者的用藥清單,排查曾使用過的致便秘藥物。對于服用非阿片類藥物的患者,通過調(diào)整生活習(xí)慣或服用瀉劑通??筛纳票忝匕Y狀。對于服用阿片類藥物致OIC的患者,首先應(yīng)檢查阿片類藥物的適應(yīng)證、是否為最低有效劑量,其后調(diào)整阿片類藥物的用藥劑量或用藥途徑,或更換成其他致OIC較弱的阿片類藥物。瀉劑為OIC的一線治療方案,如療效不佳,則推薦使用PAMORA。對于瀉劑和PAMORA治療無效的OIC患者,可考慮三線治療如蘆比前列酮、普蘆卡必利或利那洛肽。
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(2024?03?14收稿;2024?05?01修回)
(本文編輯:馮 纓)