河南 馬國民
全國卷閱讀理解命題策略揭秘
——以2017年全國卷I第二篇閱讀理解為例
河南 馬國民
近年來,全國卷閱讀理解的命題已經(jīng)趨于穩(wěn)定,深入挖掘其中的命題規(guī)律,既有助于高三師生高效備考,也有助于部分老師科學(xué)命制各種考試的閱讀理解試題。
下面我們分析一下2017年全國卷I的B篇閱讀理解的命制情況,進(jìn)一步探索其中的命制規(guī)律。
該篇短文屬于一篇記敘文,選自《華盛頓新聞報(bào)》的官方網(wǎng)站2015年4月22日的一篇文章(文章來源鏈接:http://www.newsday.com/opinion/oped/a-baby-owl-teachesan-earth-day-lesson-1.10310378)。命題人在使用原文時(shí),刪除了其中的圖片和標(biāo)題,并進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行了修改,情況如下:
A baby owl teaches an Earth Day lesson(刪除)
An owl chick in Muttontown rests in a makeshift nest placed in a tree this past weekend by Jim Jones of Volunteers for Wildlife.The fuzzy object at the rear is a squirrel carcass evidently placed by the owl’s parents.Photo Credit: Jim Jones(刪除該段)
I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue,rehabilitation(刪除)and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley.Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young great horned(刪除)owl(給出了young owl的詞義)on the ground.When I arrived, I saw a 2- to 3-weekold owl.It has(修改為had)already been placed in a carrier for safety.(該段與上一段進(jìn)行了合并)
Owl chicks are often found on the ground after their first flight attempts fail.They’re not strong enough.In more natural settings, a chick would remain earthbound, quiet and inconspicuous, while still being fed and protected by its parents.Eventually, chicks climb or fly to a safer, more elevated perches.However, on Long Island there are cats, dogs,cars and other ground-based terrors, so rescuers need options.(刪除該段)
I examined the chick(給出了詞義)and it seemed fine.If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back,but no luck.My next option was to construct a makeshift(刪除)nest, anchor it in a tree and deposit the chick out of harm’s way.(刪除)
The homeowner was very helpful.A wire basket was found, along with a long ladder and plenty of rope.(刪除)I wove(修改為put)some pine branches into the wire(修改為basket) to make this nest safe and comfortable.I selected a tree with a good spot about 15 feet high, and lashed the nest in.(刪除)I then grabbed the chick, wide-eyed and beak clacking,and(刪 除)placed it(修 改 為 the chick)in the nest.It quickly calmed down.(該句之前使用and和上句話合并)
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent.I hoped that they were nearby, possibly well concealed.(刪除)I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screeches of owl chicks.These advertise the presence of chicks to adults;they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.
A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings and to her own owl hoots.(刪除)I drove over and climbed a ladder.I(刪除,兩句話合并)saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all — LUNCH! It was a partially eaten squirrel,evidence that the elders were tending to the chick.(刪除)
The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.Some rescues are better than others, and Earth Day is best enjoyed by helping one creature at a time.(刪除畫線部分之后,與上一段合并)
命題人在改編所選文章時(shí),主要以刪減為主,修改與合并為輔。改編之前的原材料共有9個(gè)自然段,507詞。命題人在刪減修改文章時(shí),刪除了第一段和第四段,合并了第二段和第三段,合并了倒數(shù)第二段和最后一段,同時(shí)還刪除了一部分單詞和句子,對(duì)個(gè)別單詞進(jìn)行了修改,對(duì)兩處非考綱詞匯給出了漢語詞義,最后文章為6個(gè)自然段,287詞。
下面我們看一下設(shè)題情況:
24.What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to Paragraph 1?
A.Efforts made in vain.
B.Getting injured in his work.
C.Feeling uncertain about his future.
D.Creatures forced out of their homes.
25.Why was the author called to Muttontown?
A.To rescue a woman.
B.To take care of a woman.
C.To look at a baby owl.
D.To cure a young owl.
26.What made the chick calm down?
A.A new nest. B.Some food.
C.A recording. D.Its parents.
27.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?
A.It’s unexpected. B.It’s beautiful.
C.It’s humorous. D.It’s discouraging.
該篇閱讀理解在文后共設(shè)有4個(gè)小題,在短文第二段和第五段未設(shè)題,題干和選項(xiàng)均沒有出現(xiàn)非考綱詞匯,考查的考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解能力和推理判斷能力,四個(gè)選項(xiàng)或其中兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的長度接近,且選項(xiàng)簡潔精練,前三個(gè)小題的選項(xiàng)均是短語,只有最后一個(gè)小題的選項(xiàng)是簡單句。
1.確定閱讀選材方向。在這一階段,需要明確選擇什么體裁的文章,如應(yīng)用文、新聞報(bào)道、記敘文、說明文還是議論文,有時(shí)候還需要考慮涉及的話題。
2.瀏覽英語網(wǎng)站、書刊。在明確所選文章的體裁之后,可以開始瀏覽英文網(wǎng)站、英文書籍和報(bào)紙雜志等,細(xì)致搜尋可用于改編閱讀理解的文章。
3.科學(xué)選定合適素材。在素材的選擇上,注意內(nèi)容健康、積極向上,貼近社會(huì)實(shí)際,符合學(xué)生當(dāng)時(shí)的認(rèn)知水平,堅(jiān)決杜絕敏感性話題和負(fù)面內(nèi)容。
4.刪減修改備用素材。在對(duì)原材料進(jìn)行改編時(shí),需要結(jié)合好使用的年級(jí)和學(xué)期課程進(jìn)度情況,最終使文章長度和難度科學(xué)合理,內(nèi)容上下連貫,邏輯嚴(yán)密。
5.精心設(shè)計(jì)題干選項(xiàng)。在設(shè)計(jì)題干和選項(xiàng)時(shí),需要結(jié)合好小題的數(shù)量、考點(diǎn)的比例及在文中的分布等,做到題干和選項(xiàng)本身沒有語法、標(biāo)點(diǎn)等方面的錯(cuò)誤。
6.仔細(xì)復(fù)查修訂完善。在設(shè)題完成之后,還需要對(duì)整個(gè)文章和各個(gè)小題進(jìn)行研讀修訂,在條件允許的情況下,可以找一部分學(xué)生先試做一下,這樣更有利于修訂完善。
(1)選取的文章不一定要求是最新的,比如說2017年全國卷I的B篇短文是選自網(wǎng)站兩年前的文章,這樣做的目的是避免素材撞車,但是不要選用過期的時(shí)效性過強(qiáng)的文章。
(2)在選取原材料時(shí),建議文章的長度最好在300詞至600詞之間,因?yàn)槲恼绿袒蛘咛L都不利于后期的改編。
(3)選好素材之后,還需要仔細(xì)搜查核對(duì),看看該材料是否已被用于命制試題(有的命題已明確要求這類素材不可再作為命題材料)。
(4)在改編原材料時(shí),不得改變文意,生詞量需要控制在合理的范圍之內(nèi),必要時(shí),有的生詞需要給出漢語詞義,但是給出詞義的單詞不宜過多。
(5)在刪除部分段落、句子或單詞時(shí),在保證主旨大意不變的情況下,注意上下文內(nèi)容的連貫性和流暢性,注意句子與句子之間的銜接性。
(6)改編之后的文章詞數(shù)控制在180~340詞,而且在240~300詞為宜,如果是套題,4篇閱讀材料的總詞數(shù)不少于900詞。
(7)如果文章用于套題,需要考慮到話題的多樣化,例如日常生活、科普知識(shí)、人物傳記、史地知識(shí)等,并且文中盡可能滲透對(duì)學(xué)生情感、態(tài)度和價(jià)值觀方面的教育。
(8)在文章改編結(jié)束之后,還需要通篇閱讀,仔細(xì)查找文中是否有邏輯、語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)等方面的錯(cuò)誤,查找是否有影響學(xué)生閱讀的生詞。
(1)在設(shè)置題干時(shí),應(yīng)該以what,which,when,why,where等引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句為主(在2017年全國卷I的15個(gè)小題中,占14個(gè)小題),以填空補(bǔ)足的陳述句為輔。
(2)如果是用于套題,注意考點(diǎn)的科學(xué)分布,可設(shè)置細(xì)節(jié)理解題(5~10小題)、推理判斷題(3~7小題)、詞義猜測題(1小題)、主旨大意題(1小題)、標(biāo)題概括題(1小題)、指代判斷題、寫作意圖題、段落大意題等。
(3)文中設(shè)題的密度需要合理分配,不可在某個(gè)段落集中設(shè)題,題干和選項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)符合高考命題規(guī)律,一般不設(shè)置含有true/ false/ but/ except等詞的題干,而且不設(shè)置排序題。
(4)選項(xiàng)不宜太長,以短語為主(在2017年全國卷I的15個(gè)小題中,有11個(gè)小題的選項(xiàng)是短語),句子為輔,且長度均衡,避免出現(xiàn)差別較大的情況。
(5)題干和選項(xiàng)涉及的詞匯均應(yīng)是學(xué)生學(xué)過的,而且以常用詞為主,不得出現(xiàn)生詞或給出詞義的生詞現(xiàn)象。
(6)在標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)方面,一般來說,除了標(biāo)題概括題和填空補(bǔ)足的試題以外,各個(gè)小題的選項(xiàng)均需要有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)(句號(hào)為主)。
(7)幾個(gè)小題的選項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)科學(xué)嚴(yán)密,不可出現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)重復(fù)或相似現(xiàn)象,且不得出現(xiàn)答案相互包容或相互暗示的情況。
(8)在所設(shè)計(jì)的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,注意專有名詞、書名、電影名、標(biāo)題等某些詞匯的首字母大寫問題。
(9)試題具有一定的信度和效度,各個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)應(yīng)具有一定的干擾性,不得設(shè)置不看文章就能知道正確答案的無效試題。