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        效果與機(jī)制:運(yùn)動(dòng)改善抑郁癥的研究進(jìn)展

        2024-01-19 00:00:00廖粵生白莉莉
        四川體育科學(xué) 2024年6期
        關(guān)鍵詞:抑郁癥機(jī)制

        摘 "要:抑郁癥作為一種常見(jiàn)的心理疾病,其發(fā)病率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),給我國(guó)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)帶來(lái)了沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。在此背景下,如何經(jīng)濟(jì)而又有效的治療抑郁癥成為了當(dāng)今社會(huì)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的議題。通過(guò)CNKI、Web of Science、PubMed、Elsevier等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),梳理并總結(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)與抑郁癥的相關(guān)理論研究和應(yīng)用成果,闡釋運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥的干預(yù)效果及相關(guān)機(jī)制,以期為防治抑郁癥提供有益參考。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)期中等強(qiáng)度的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)(3~5次/周,≥30min/次)是治療抑郁癥的最佳運(yùn)動(dòng)方案;運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)合藥物或心理治療對(duì)抑郁癥具有保持性更好的干預(yù)效果;運(yùn)動(dòng)主要通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、炎癥通路及下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸干預(yù)抑郁癥。研究認(rèn)為,基于運(yùn)動(dòng)療法的積極效應(yīng),建議加強(qiáng)宣傳力度,提高公眾認(rèn)知;加大研究投入,研制運(yùn)動(dòng)處方;深化臨床應(yīng)用,建立防治體系。

        關(guān)鍵詞:抑郁癥;運(yùn)動(dòng);運(yùn)動(dòng)處方;機(jī)制

        Effects and Mechanisms: Advances in Research on Exercise toImprove Depression

        LIAO Yuesheng1, BAI Lili2

        (1.School of Physical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong, 250061, China;

        2.Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.)

        Abstract: Dipression as a common mental illness, its incidence is on the rise year by year, bringing a heavy burden to our healthcare system. In this context, how to treat depression economically and effectively has become a topic of focus in today's society. Through CNKI, Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier and other databases, we combed and summarized the theoretical research and application results related to exercise and depression, and interpreted the intervention effect of exercise on depression and related mechanisms, with a view to providing useful references for the prevention and treatment of depression. The study found that long-term moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (3-5 times/week, ≥30min/time) is the best exercise program for the treatment of depression; exercise combined with medication or psychotherapy has a better interventional effect on depression with better retention; and exercise intervenes in depression mainly through regulating cytokines, central nervous system structure, inflammatory pathways and HPA axis. Based on the positive effects of exercise therapy, it is recommended to strengthen publicity to enhance public awareness; increase research investment to develop exercise prescription; and deepen clinical application to establish a prevention and treatment system.

        Key words: Depression; Exercise; Exercise prescription; Mechanisms

        中圖分類號(hào):G804.8""""""""""""""""""""文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

        抑郁癥是一種以顯著而持久的心境低落為主要臨床特征的心理障礙疾病。世界衛(wèi)生組織對(duì)抑郁癥的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,全球抑郁癥患者總數(shù)約為3.22億例,約占世界總?cè)丝诘?.4%,抑郁癥已經(jīng)逐漸成為世界最主要的致殘性疾病之一,預(yù)計(jì)到2030年將上升至世界疾病負(fù)擔(dān)首位[1]。目前治療抑郁癥的主要方式為藥物治療與心理治療,但大部分抑郁癥患者常因病恥感、藥物副作用、花費(fèi)高等因素放棄治療[2]。因此,亟待挖掘治療抑郁癥的新方案。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)能明顯改善焦慮程度,經(jīng)常運(yùn)動(dòng)的人群患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大大降低。并且,運(yùn)動(dòng)具有副作用小、效益高、操作性強(qiáng)等諸多優(yōu)勢(shì),抑郁癥患者在大多數(shù)情況下更愿意接受運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的治療方案[3-4]。因此,運(yùn)動(dòng)作為改善抑郁癥的替代或輔助性治療手段受到了越來(lái)越多的研究者重視。但就目前而言,關(guān)于運(yùn)動(dòng)改善抑郁癥的具體機(jī)制尚不十分明確。因此,通過(guò)CNKI、Web of Science、PubMed、Elsevier等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)梳理運(yùn)動(dòng)與抑郁癥的相關(guān)理論研究與應(yīng)用成果,闡釋運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥的干預(yù)效果,分析運(yùn)動(dòng)改善抑郁癥的相關(guān)機(jī)制,以期為治療抑郁癥提供一定的理論參考。

        1 "不同類型運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥的干預(yù)效果

        1.1 "有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)

        研究證實(shí),有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能顯著降低抑郁癥患者的抑郁水平。Olson等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過(guò)8周的中等強(qiáng)度有氧鍛煉干預(yù)后,抑郁癥病人的認(rèn)知控制,抑郁表現(xiàn)和思維方法均能得到明顯改善。Oertel-Knochel等[6]所做的研究也證實(shí)了這一結(jié)果,對(duì)抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行為期4周(每周3次,每次45min)的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后,抑郁癥患者的焦慮癥狀有所改善,提高了患者的主觀生活質(zhì)量。Makizako等[7]對(duì)社區(qū)老年人抑郁癥患者有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)效果進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能提高老年人的記憶力,且對(duì)老年人的抑郁癥有一定的改善作用。Pourmousavi等[8]對(duì)120名抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)除了對(duì)抑郁癥患者性欲有良好的影響外,還具有與抗抑郁藥物相當(dāng)?shù)目挂钟粜Ч?/p>

        1.2 "抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)

        在治療抑郁癥的運(yùn)動(dòng)療法中,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)也是一項(xiàng)重要的干預(yù)方式。Pilu等[9]把30名重度抑郁癥女性患者(40-60歲)隨機(jī)分為抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組和對(duì)照組,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)組進(jìn)行為期32周的抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)(每節(jié)課60min,每周2次)干預(yù)后,患者的抑郁評(píng)分(HSRD)得到了顯著改善,而對(duì)照組無(wú)明顯變化。Levinger等[10]也做了類似的研究,該研究探討了抵抗力抗阻訓(xùn)練對(duì)代謝綜合征和2型糖尿病高危因素和低危險(xiǎn)因素個(gè)體抑郁情緒的影響。在對(duì)55名患者進(jìn)行了抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后,患者的抑郁癥狀得到了顯著的改善。同樣,Gordon等[11]對(duì)抗組訓(xùn)練療效與抑郁癥狀的關(guān)系進(jìn)行Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),患者的健康狀況、抗組訓(xùn)練總處方量或力量的變化均與抗抑郁效果沒(méi)有顯著相關(guān)性,而阻力運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練能顯著改善了患者的抑郁癥狀。然而仍有研究[12]顯示,在對(duì)抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行24周抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后,患者神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)5-羥色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、多巴胺(dopamine,DA)、腎上腺素(adrenaline,AD)和去甲腎上腺素(noradrenaline,NA or NE)顯著降低,而抑郁因子并未顯著性改變,部分患者神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)甚至低于干預(yù)前水平。

        1.3 "其他類型運(yùn)動(dòng)

        除有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)與抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)外,高強(qiáng)度間歇訓(xùn)練(High-intensity interval training,HIIT)與電子競(jìng)技也被證實(shí)了對(duì)治療抑郁癥的積極作用。與傳統(tǒng)的中等強(qiáng)度連續(xù)訓(xùn)練(Medium intensity continuous training,MCT)相比,HIIT是一種具有明顯心肺代謝優(yōu)勢(shì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)。一項(xiàng)元分析[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),HIIT和MCT干預(yù)效果一致,患者在HIIT干預(yù)之后,抑郁癥狀得到了明顯改善。但仍有研究[47]顯示,HIIT增加了抑郁癥患者的感知壓力以及炎癥因子水平,提示HIIT對(duì)治療抑郁癥具有負(fù)面影響。此外,電子競(jìng)技作為數(shù)字化時(shí)代一種新興的體育項(xiàng)目正在逐漸被認(rèn)可和普及,在對(duì)抗抑郁癥方面也被證實(shí)有一定的干預(yù)效果。與傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目不同,電子競(jìng)技是以游戲?yàn)榛A(chǔ),信息技術(shù)為核心,并且在統(tǒng)一的競(jìng)賽規(guī)則以及在規(guī)則保障下公平進(jìn)行的對(duì)抗性電競(jìng)游戲比賽。研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),老年人是抑郁癥的高發(fā)人群,常規(guī)的抑郁干預(yù)措施對(duì)認(rèn)知控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)受損的老年人效果并不明顯,對(duì)認(rèn)知控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)受損的老年抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行干預(yù)后,發(fā)現(xiàn)電子競(jìng)技能顯著的降低患者的抑郁水平。然而,有研究[15]顯示,長(zhǎng)期接觸電子競(jìng)技會(huì)加大青少年患抑郁癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

        綜上所訴,有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能有效的降低抑郁癥患者的抑郁水平,提高患者的生活質(zhì)量,且有著與抗抑郁藥物相當(dāng)?shù)目挂钟粜Ч?,是目前運(yùn)動(dòng)療法治療抑郁癥的主要方式。此外,雖然已有部分研究證實(shí)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)、HIIT和電子競(jìng)技對(duì)治療抑郁癥的積極效果,但就目前而言,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)、HIIT與電子競(jìng)技的治療作用仍存在一定的爭(zhēng)議,仍需更多的臨床研究確認(rèn)。

        2 "運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率和運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間對(duì)抑郁癥的干預(yù)效果評(píng)價(jià)

        運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率和運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間是運(yùn)動(dòng)處方的重要內(nèi)容。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不同運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率和運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間對(duì)治療抑郁癥具有不同的影響。因此,對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)處方中的運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率和運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)綜述,對(duì)臨床制定治療方案具有十分重要的借鑒意義。

        2.1 "運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度對(duì)治療抑郁癥的影響

        Dunn等[16]以熱量的總消耗來(lái)評(píng)定運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,對(duì)20~45歲輕至中度抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行不同強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后發(fā)現(xiàn),長(zhǎng)期中等強(qiáng)度(17.5kcal/kg/week)運(yùn)動(dòng)比低強(qiáng)度(7kcal/kg/week)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥患者的治療效果更好。Hughes等[17]也做了類似的研究,該研究對(duì)青少年抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行了7天不同強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),發(fā)現(xiàn)高強(qiáng)度(12kcal/kg/week)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)比低強(qiáng)度拉伸運(yùn)動(dòng)(4kcal/kg/week)治療抑郁癥的效果更好。此外,杜芳等[18]以低強(qiáng)度和高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行干預(yù)后,采用漢密爾頓抑郁量表(HAMD)評(píng)估抑郁程度,發(fā)現(xiàn)高強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥患者具有顯著的干預(yù)效果,而低強(qiáng)度有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥患者的干預(yù)效果并不明顯。綜上所述,長(zhǎng)期中等強(qiáng)度的運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥的干預(yù)效果最好,而高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)雖能降低患者的抑郁水平,但卻在一定程度上增加了患者的感知壓力等的負(fù)面影響,低強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)的干預(yù)效果則并不明顯。

        2.2 "運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率對(duì)治療抑郁癥的影響

        眾所周知,不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率對(duì)抑郁癥的治療效果也有所不同。Legrand等[19]以不同頻率運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)23名抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行了為期8周的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),在8周低頻率(1次/周)和高頻率(3~5次/周)運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后,接受高頻率有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的患者的抑郁癥評(píng)分顯著低于低頻率干預(yù)組。提示高頻率運(yùn)動(dòng)治療抑郁癥的效果更好。Watson等[20]研究了運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率和產(chǎn)婦心理健康關(guān)系,該研究通過(guò)愛(ài)丁堡產(chǎn)后抑郁量表(Edinburgh postnatal

        depression scale,EPDS)評(píng)估產(chǎn)婦的抑郁水平,收集了258名婦女的妊娠(妊娠早期和晚期)和產(chǎn)后(6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月)的數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁和焦慮癥狀的快速增加與圍產(chǎn)期運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率的急劇下降有關(guān)。此外,Stanton等[21]學(xué)者所做的研究也證實(shí)了這一結(jié)果,認(rèn)為在監(jiān)督下進(jìn)行持續(xù)9周(3次/周)的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)抑郁癥的癥狀具有更好的改善作用。上述研究表明,每周進(jìn)行3~5次的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)比低頻率(<3次)的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)治療抑郁癥具有更好的療效,根據(jù)患者的抑郁水平合理地設(shè)計(jì)運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率對(duì)于治療至關(guān)重要。

        2.3 "運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間對(duì)治療抑郁癥的影響

        運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間是指每次運(yùn)動(dòng)的持續(xù)時(shí)間。Olson等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過(guò)8周(3次/周,45 min/次)的中等強(qiáng)度有氧鍛煉干預(yù)后,抑郁癥病人的認(rèn)知控制、抑郁表現(xiàn)和思維方法均能得到明顯改善。Oertel-Knochel等[6]也做了類似的研究,該研究對(duì)抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行為期4周(3次/周,45min/次)的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后,患者的抑郁癥狀和狀態(tài)焦慮值都有明顯的下降。James-Palmer等[22]綜述發(fā)現(xiàn),持續(xù)6~12周(2~3次/周,30min/次)的正念瑜伽對(duì)治療抑郁癥具有更好的效果。Aidar等[23]對(duì)11名抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行了為期12周(60min/次)的抗阻訓(xùn)練干預(yù),研究發(fā)現(xiàn)力量的提高與抑郁癥水平呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示抑郁水平的降低可能與力量的提高有關(guān)。此外,另一項(xiàng)研究[24]也得出了類似的結(jié)果,該研究對(duì)28名抑郁癥患者進(jìn)了為期6個(gè)月(3次/周,35~50min/次)的抗組訓(xùn)練和耐力訓(xùn)練干預(yù),發(fā)現(xiàn)抗阻訓(xùn)練和耐力訓(xùn)練都能降低抑郁癥患者的抑郁水平。此外,美國(guó)身體活動(dòng)指南[25]指出,每次進(jìn)行至少30min的運(yùn)動(dòng)更有益于患者的心理健康。綜上可知,每次持續(xù)30min以上的運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間對(duì)于治療抑郁癥具有更好干預(yù)效果。

        3 "運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)合其他治療方案對(duì)抑郁癥的干預(yù)效果

        目前治療抑郁癥的方法主要包括運(yùn)動(dòng)、心理及藥物治療。研究[26]表明,單一使用某種治療方案治療抑郁癥的效果并不好。運(yùn)動(dòng)作為治療抑郁癥的有效方案,其治療的長(zhǎng)期有效性仍存在一定的爭(zhēng)議,一項(xiàng)Meta分析[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)治療抑郁癥可能只在短期有效。因此,相關(guān)學(xué)者逐漸重視將運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)和心理、藥物治療相結(jié)合的方法治療抑郁癥。韓利等[28]探討了健康教育聯(lián)合有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)青少年抑郁癥的干預(yù)效果,該研究對(duì)84名青少年抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行了為期8周的健康教育聯(lián)合有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù),結(jié)果表明健康教育聯(lián)合有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠有效降低5-羥色胺(5-HT)水平,并提高皮質(zhì)醇水平,能顯著降低患者的抑郁癥狀。此外,一項(xiàng)針對(duì)老年人抑郁癥的研究[29]也證實(shí)了這一結(jié)論。

        上述研究結(jié)果提示,運(yùn)動(dòng)、心理及藥物治療均能在一定程度上改善抑郁癥狀,但運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)合藥物或心理治療對(duì)抑郁癥具有保持性更好的干預(yù)效果。因此,應(yīng)根據(jù)抑郁癥患者的具體情況合理地設(shè)計(jì)聯(lián)合治療方案,以保證發(fā)揮更好的治療效果。

        4 "運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)抑郁癥的生物學(xué)機(jī)制

        4.1 "運(yùn)動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子干預(yù)抑郁癥

        4.1.1 "神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子 "腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)屬于一種神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,主要負(fù)責(zé)刺激和控制神經(jīng)發(fā)生,通過(guò)降低皮質(zhì)醇的長(zhǎng)期基礎(chǔ)水平來(lái)改善下丘腦-垂體軸的功能,是影響抑郁水平的關(guān)鍵因子。臨床研究[30]證實(shí),BDNF是運(yùn)動(dòng)造成抑郁癥的關(guān)鍵神經(jīng)生長(zhǎng)因子,且抑郁癥患者血清中的BDNF水平顯著低于健康人群。Szuhany等[31]的所做的Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),單次運(yùn)動(dòng)后能短暫增加BDNF水平,而長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)動(dòng)則能顯著增加BDNF水平基線,并以此改善抑郁癥狀,提示運(yùn)動(dòng)量與BDNF水平呈正相關(guān)。與這一結(jié)果相似,Toups等[32]研究了BDNF與運(yùn)動(dòng)治療抑郁癥之間的關(guān)系,該研究對(duì)30例抑郁癥患者進(jìn)行了12周的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)提高了患者體內(nèi)BDNF水平,提示BDNF是介導(dǎo)運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)抑郁癥的重要靶點(diǎn)。此外,一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)可以上調(diào)慢性應(yīng)激大鼠海馬BDNF及相關(guān)神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)通路重要信號(hào)分子p-ERK和神經(jīng)肽VGF的表達(dá),抑制應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下海馬結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的進(jìn)一步破壞,以此降低大鼠的抑郁水平。

        4.1.2 "脂肪因子 "脂肪因子也是影響抑郁癥的關(guān)鍵因子,是腦組織、外周組織與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的溝通的重要橋梁,瘦素(leptin)就是一種脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的一種激素。臨床研究[34]表明,leptin水平與抑郁癥存在相關(guān)性,抑郁癥患者血漿中的leptin水平顯著低于健康人群。Liu等[35]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性不可預(yù)測(cè)輕度應(yīng)激會(huì)抑制leptin的表達(dá),運(yùn)動(dòng)可以提高leptin水平,以此改善抑郁癥患者的代謝紊亂和炎癥反應(yīng),從而降低抑郁水平。此外,一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[36]發(fā)現(xiàn),瘦素受體b(LepRb)敲除小鼠表現(xiàn)的抑郁行為,與STAT3/SOCS3信號(hào)通路有關(guān),但與IKKβ/NFκB信號(hào)無(wú)關(guān)。另外,發(fā)現(xiàn)LepRb敲除減弱了運(yùn)動(dòng)的抗抑郁作用,提示LepRb可能是運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)抑郁癥的重要靶點(diǎn)。

        4.1.3 "肌肉細(xì)胞因子 "肌肉細(xì)胞因子也是影響抑郁癥的重要因子之一。鳶尾素(irisin)作為骨骼分泌的肌動(dòng)蛋白,經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)誘導(dǎo)表達(dá),是骨骼肌虹膜前體蛋白中III型纖連蛋白組件包含蛋白5(哆peIIIdomain—

        containingprotein5,"FNDC5)的一種裂解形式,對(duì)中樞和外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)均有保護(hù)作用[37]。研究[38,39]發(fā)現(xiàn),irisin可能以時(shí)間依賴的方式調(diào)節(jié)海馬和前額葉皮層PGC-1α、FNDC5和BDNF的基因表達(dá),進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)這些基因在情緒調(diào)節(jié)中的關(guān)鍵作用。同時(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)irisin通過(guò)激活A(yù)KT和ERK1/2信號(hào)通路,從而保護(hù)神經(jīng)元免受損傷。此外,一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)能顯著提高血漿中irisin的水平。上述研究提示,運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)irisin分泌,激活A(yù)KT和ERK1/2信號(hào)通路,同時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)海馬和前額葉皮層PGC-1α、FNDC5和BDNF的基因表達(dá)來(lái)降低抑郁水平。

        4.2 "運(yùn)動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)干預(yù)抑郁癥

        抑郁癥患者的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)異常,表現(xiàn)為側(cè)腦室擴(kuò)大、腦溝變寬、海馬體積減小、前腦體積縮小等。目前,已有學(xué)者對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)海馬體影響的研究[41]發(fā)現(xiàn),6周的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)后,海馬體的體積顯著增加,且有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)水平較高的機(jī)體影像學(xué)顯示具有更大的海馬體積,提示其運(yùn)動(dòng)能力與海馬體體積呈正相關(guān)趨勢(shì)。Inoue等[42]也做了類似的研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)6周的持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)能顯著提高海馬體的相關(guān)記憶。一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[43]發(fā)現(xiàn),運(yùn)動(dòng)可以顯著性降低腦出血抑郁模型大鼠海馬組織中Bax以及Caspase-3的表達(dá)水平,以此改善抑郁癥狀。與這一研究結(jié)果相似,另一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)[44]發(fā)現(xiàn),有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)可顯著上調(diào)抑郁小鼠海馬BDNF的表達(dá)水平,抑制miR-195在小鼠海馬細(xì)胞中的促凋亡作用,下調(diào)Bax、Caspase-3的表達(dá),減少海馬神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的凋亡率,降低抑郁水平。

        4.3 "運(yùn)動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)炎癥通路干預(yù)抑郁癥

        研究[45]表明,腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1α(interleukin-1 alpha,IL-1α)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(interleukin-1 beta,IL-1β)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等炎癥細(xì)胞因子的異常是造成抑郁癥的重要原因。其中,相對(duì)比較特殊的前炎癥細(xì)胞因子為IL-6,在骨骼肌中的IL-6被視作抗炎因子,通過(guò)刺激其他抗炎細(xì)胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1α等)的分泌,起到抗炎細(xì)胞因子的作用。已有研究[46]證實(shí),運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)下骨骼肌會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的IL-6,運(yùn)動(dòng)方式、強(qiáng)度和持續(xù)時(shí)間對(duì)IL-6的產(chǎn)生都會(huì)存在不同的影響,且IL-6能抑制前炎癥細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1α和IL-1β等因子的產(chǎn)生。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)116例抑郁癥患者的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)[47]發(fā)現(xiàn),抑郁癥狀與TNF-α水平呈正相關(guān),抑郁癥患者體內(nèi)的TNF-α水平顯著高于健康人群。以上結(jié)果表明,運(yùn)動(dòng)可通過(guò)促使IL-6急劇升高,刺激其他抗炎因子的分泌,以此抑制TNF-α、IL-1α和IL-1β等炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生,降低身體的炎性反應(yīng),從而改善抑郁水平。

        4.4 "運(yùn)動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)HPA軸干預(yù)抑郁癥

        下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(The hypothalamic–pituitary

        –adrenal axis,HPA)是神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的重要部分,主要參與控制應(yīng)激的反應(yīng),并調(diào)節(jié)身體活動(dòng)。HPA軸的活動(dòng)主要受下丘腦促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放因子和抗利尿激素分泌的控制,激活垂體促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素(adrenocorticotropin,ACTH)的分泌,最終刺激皮質(zhì)醇的分泌。抑郁癥患者中出現(xiàn)的HPA軸功能障礙可表現(xiàn)為皮質(zhì)醇分泌增加、促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素(corticotropin releasing hormone,CRH)分泌增多和糖皮質(zhì)激素(glucocorticoid,GC)敏感性降低。Zhao等[48]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HPA軸的反饋調(diào)節(jié)障礙將導(dǎo)致海馬神經(jīng)元的損傷和凋亡增加,并改變海馬區(qū)域的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。臨床研究[49]證實(shí),大多數(shù)抑郁癥患者的HPA軸都顯示為功能性障礙異常。此外,皮質(zhì)醇被認(rèn)為是影響HPA軸功能的重要激素,通常將皮質(zhì)醇作為檢測(cè)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)HPA軸影響的中介因素,而運(yùn)動(dòng)可以使異常的皮質(zhì)醇恢復(fù)到正常水平[50]。以上研究結(jié)果提示,運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠糾正因應(yīng)激刺激導(dǎo)致的抑郁癥患者皮質(zhì)醇水平異常,并且通過(guò)糾正HPA軸的功能障礙,避免海馬神經(jīng)元的損傷和凋亡,維持海馬對(duì)HPA軸的正常調(diào)控功能,以此改善患者抑郁水平。

        5 "小結(jié)與展望

        綜上所述,從運(yùn)動(dòng)處方上來(lái)說(shuō),長(zhǎng)期中等強(qiáng)度的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)(3~5次/周,≥30min/次)是治療抑郁癥的最佳方案;運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)合藥物或心理治療對(duì)抑郁癥具有保持性更好的干預(yù)效果;運(yùn)動(dòng)主要通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、炎癥通路及HPA軸干預(yù)抑郁癥。目前,運(yùn)動(dòng)與抑郁癥的研究仍存在許多亟需解決的問(wèn)題:(1)在抑郁癥的診斷方面,多數(shù)研究以量表的形式評(píng)價(jià)患者的抑郁水平,仍存在著很大的主觀性;(2)在運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目方面,抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)、HIIT和電子競(jìng)技的確切療效仍不明確;(3)在運(yùn)動(dòng)處方方面,仍沒(méi)有明確的研究界定運(yùn)動(dòng)作為獨(dú)立或聯(lián)合方式干預(yù)抑郁癥的具體方案;(4)在生物學(xué)機(jī)制方面,是否存在其他因素介導(dǎo)運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)抑郁癥仍需更多的研究確定。相信隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)抑郁癥的相關(guān)研究不斷深入,抑郁癥的預(yù)防和治療一定會(huì)取得新的突破。

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