楊正仁

摘 要：賓語從句是英語語法的教學(xué)重點和學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)難點。主要概述賓語從句的連接詞及其用法，說明否定轉(zhuǎn)移、反意疑問句以及主從句中時態(tài)的一致性原則，使賓語從句的教學(xué)更簡單。

關(guān)鍵詞：連接詞；賓語從句；否定轉(zhuǎn)移；時態(tài)

一、連接詞

眾所周知，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連接詞通常有三大類，用法各有不同，現(xiàn)概括如下：

1.連接詞that，沒有詞義；不作句子成分；在部分賓語從句中可省略，其他名詞性從句中不能省略。

2.連接詞if，whether，詞義為“是否”；不擔(dān)任句子成分，不能省略；大多數(shù)情況下whether和if可互換。

3.連接代詞who，whoever，what，whatever，which，whichever和連接副詞how，why，when，where等，有詞義；在從句中通常作句子成分，不能省略。

二、何為賓語從句

賓語從句是在一個主從復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語的句子，可以是及物動詞的賓語和介詞的賓語。例如：

She often tells us that nobody can leave the school without permission.

I dont know whether / if Mr Johnson will be free this afternoon.

Nobody knows who broke the window carelessly between classes.

I will do whatever the people think necessary and important.

三、形式賓語

有時候用it作形式賓語，把賓語從句放在后面作賓語，常見句式有：

1.經(jīng)常放在動詞make， think， consider， feel， find 等后面，構(gòu)成“主語+動詞+it+形容詞或名詞+that 從句”結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

He considers it important that students should speak English in class.

They have made it a rule that they shouldnt watch TV when they have meals at home.

2.經(jīng)常放在動詞like， love， enjoy， appreciate， hate， dislike及短語see to，rely on，depend on，count on等后面，構(gòu)成“主語+動詞+it+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：

I appreciate it if you help me with my math after class.

I will see to it that each child in rural schools shall be given two eggs every weekday.

四、下列情況賓語從句中不省略that

1.由連詞and，or連接的第二個以及往后的賓語從句中

He thought（that） everybody should be treated equally and that they should be well educated.

2. 作介詞賓語時不省略that

The suit is quite good except that the trousers are a bit longer.

3. 當(dāng)謂語動詞與that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中有插入語時

They decided，in view of her perfect performance，that she was employed immediately.

五、賓語從句中用whether還是if

大多數(shù)情況下，引導(dǎo)賓語從句的whether和if可以互換，只不過whether比if更正式或在書面語中用得更多，但下列情況只用whether：

1.賓語從句前置時

Whether he will ask her to marry him，I dont know.

2. 作介詞賓語時

I worry about whether he will come back home safely on time.

3. 跟or not 連用時

I dont know whether or not I can get my visa to go to America.

4. 后接不定式時

They cant decide whether to turn to the teacher for help.

六、否定轉(zhuǎn)移及反意疑問句

在正式文體中，如果主句中有表示“認(rèn)為”這個意義的動詞作謂語時，賓語從句中的否定一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中來，常見動詞有：believe， think， suppose， guess， imagine等；在這種情況下，如果要將該句變?yōu)榉匆庖蓡柧?，需要考慮主句的主語，有兩種情形：第一，若主句主語是第一人稱，反意疑問句要依賓語從句而變；第二，若主句的主語為第二、第三人稱，反意疑問句要依主句而變；因為前面主句中有否定形式，故反意疑問句中用肯定形式，如：

I dont suppose that she can pass the driving test without practice， can she？

They dont think that she will punish her students seriously， do they？

七、時態(tài)一致性原則及語序問題

當(dāng)主句的動詞為一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，從句中用所需時態(tài)；

當(dāng)主句的動詞為一般過去時，從句中用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)；

但若從句敘述客觀真理和自然現(xiàn)象時，時態(tài)不受限制，用所需時態(tài)；

賓語從句中應(yīng)該是陳述句語序，如：

I think that he is very honest and we can make friends with him.

He said that he had succeeded in passing the driving test and he would buy a car of his own.

The scientist argued that if a figure has more than two odd points，you cant go over it without lifting your pencil from your page or going over a line twice.

Nobody in our class knew what the matter was with him. （錯誤）

Nobody in our class knew what was the matter with him. （正確）

參考文獻(xiàn)：

王佩夫，趙忠西.高中英語語法全解全析2000題[M].延邊人民出版社，2006-09.

編輯 溫雪蓮