郭洋村 周利華 王維利
[摘要] 目的 調(diào)查臨床專科護(hù)士情緒智力、共情與支持性溝通的現(xiàn)狀,并分析三者之間的關(guān)系。 方法 采用方便抽樣法,選取2018年7~9月安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院及中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院的臨床??谱o(hù)士410名為研究對象,運(yùn)用一般資料問卷、情緒智力量表、人際反應(yīng)指針問卷與支持性溝通量表進(jìn)行調(diào)查。 結(jié)果 最終回收382份,有效回收率為93.2%。臨床專科護(hù)士情緒智力、共情、支持性溝通總分分別為(82.63±11.76)、(46.00±9.13)、(70.64±5.64)分;觀點(diǎn)采擇、同情關(guān)心、自我情緒監(jiān)測、情緒運(yùn)用、情緒調(diào)節(jié)均與支持性溝通呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.331、0.139、0.337、0.344、0.256,P < 0.01);個人痛苦與支持性溝通呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.012,P < 0.01);共情在情緒智力與支持性溝通之間起部分中介作用。 結(jié)論 情緒智力與共情是臨床??谱o(hù)士支持性溝通的重要影響因素,管理者及臨床??谱o(hù)士應(yīng)當(dāng)注重提高護(hù)士的情緒智力與共情,使護(hù)士更加高效地為患者提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的護(hù)理。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 臨床??谱o(hù)士;情緒智力;共情;支持性溝通
[中圖分類號] R47-4 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)07(a)-0186-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the current situation of emotional intelligence, empathy and supportive communication among clinical nurses and analyze the relationship among them. Methods Convenience sampling was sued, from July to September 2018, 410 nurses from the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China were selected as the study subjects, general information questionnaire, emotional intelligence scale, interpersonal response indicator questionnaire and supportive communication scale were used to investigate. Results Finally, 382 copies were recovered with an effective recovery rate of 93.2%. The total scores of emotional intelligence, empathy and supportive communication were (82.63±11.76), (46.00±9.13) points and (70.64±5.64) points, respectively. Opinion selection, sympathy and care, self-emotional monitoring, emotional application and emotional regulation were positively correlated with supportive communication (r = 0.331, 0.139, 0.337, 0.344, 0.256, P < 0.01). Personal distress was negatively correlated with supportive communication (r = -0.012, P < 0.01). Empathy was a mediator between emotional intelligence and supportive communication. Conclusion Emotional intelligence and empathy are important factors influencing the supportive communication of clinical nurses. Managers and clinical nurses should pay attention to improving the emotional intelligence and empathy of nurses, so that nurses can provide quality care to patients more efficiently.
[Key words] Clinical specialized nurses; Emotional intelligence; Empathy; Supportive communication
臨床??谱o(hù)士是指在臨床護(hù)理領(lǐng)域中具有豐富的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)與知識,可直接提供高質(zhì)量護(hù)理服務(wù)的護(hù)士[1-2]。臨床專科護(hù)士不僅需要豐富的理論知識、嫻熟的操作技能[3],也需要有較高水平的人際溝通能力[4]。支持性溝通有助于了解患者的身心狀況,促進(jìn)護(hù)患之間的理解與支持[5]。情緒智力是指個體適應(yīng)性的知覺、理解、調(diào)節(jié)自己與他人的情緒以及利用情緒解決問題的能力[6-8]。共情是一種感情的投射,共情能力高的護(hù)士能夠真誠地感知對方的情感和處境[9]。目前,關(guān)于臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力、共情與支持性溝通的研究較少。本研究旨在調(diào)查臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力、共情與支持性溝通的現(xiàn)狀,分析三者之間的關(guān)系,從而為提高臨床??谱o(hù)士的支持性溝通能力提供相關(guān)參考。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
采取方便抽樣法,選取2018年7~9月安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院及中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院的臨床??谱o(hù)士410名進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①在職;②參加專科護(hù)士培訓(xùn)并取得資格證書;③省級水平以上??谱o(hù)士;④知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①實(shí)習(xí)、進(jìn)修人員;②調(diào)查期間因休假等不在崗者。
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 調(diào)查工具 ?①一般資料調(diào)查問卷:包括年齡、性別、專業(yè)技術(shù)職務(wù)、目前所在???、從事目前所在??频墓g等。②情緒智力量表(Wong&Law Emotional Intelligence Scale,WLEIS)[10]:該量表包括16個條目,采用Likert 7級計(jì)分法,從“完全不符合”到“完全符合”分別計(jì)1~7分。各維度得分總和為量表總分,總分16~102分,得分越高表示情緒智力水平越高。在本研究中的Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.895。③人際反應(yīng)指針(IRI-C)問卷[11]:包括4個維度22個條目,采用自評方式,Likert 5級計(jì)分法,從“不恰當(dāng)”到“非常恰當(dāng)”,分別為0~4分。總分0~88分,得分越高表明個體共情水平越高。在本研究中的Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.724。④支持性溝通量表[12]:該量表包括3個維度20個條目,采用Likert 5級計(jì)分,完全不同意計(jì)1分,完全同意計(jì)5分,均為正向計(jì)分??偡?0~100分,得分越高表明人際溝通能力越強(qiáng)。在本研究中的Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.665。
1.2.2 調(diào)查方法 ?研究者使用統(tǒng)一指導(dǎo)語,遵循知情同意原則。共發(fā)放問卷410份,回收394份,回收率為96.1%,其中有效問卷382份,有效回收率為93.2%。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 24.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。運(yùn)用AMOS 24.0進(jìn)行模型擬合,中介效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)采用逐步回歸和偏差校正的非參數(shù)百分位Bootstrap方法進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料以例數(shù)表示。采用多元線性回歸進(jìn)行多因素統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力、共情與支持性溝通的現(xiàn)狀
臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力總分為(82.63±11.76)分,共情總分為(46.00±9.13)分,支持性溝通總分為(70.64±5.64)分。
2.2 臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力、共情與支持性溝通的關(guān)系分析
2.2.1 情緒智力、共情與支持性溝通的相關(guān)性分析 ?觀點(diǎn)采擇、同情關(guān)心、自我情緒監(jiān)測、情緒運(yùn)用、情緒調(diào)節(jié)均與支持性溝通呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.331、0.139、0.337、0.344、0.256,P < 0.01);個人痛苦與支持性溝通呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.012,P < 0.01)。見表1。
2.2.2 情緒智力、共情對支持性溝通的回歸分析 ?以支持性溝通為因變量,情緒智力與共情各維度作為自變量進(jìn)行多元線性回歸分析。見表2。
2.2.3 共情在情緒智力與支持性溝通之間的中介效應(yīng)分析 ?本研究根據(jù)溫忠麟等[13]提出的中介效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)流程得出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸方程:Y=21.706+0.435X+0.493M(Y:因變量;X自變量;M:中介變量)。系數(shù)a、b顯著,進(jìn)而檢驗(yàn)系數(shù)c′,回歸分析結(jié)果顯示c′(0.435)達(dá)到顯著水平。提示共情在臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力與支持性溝通中發(fā)揮部分中介效應(yīng)作用。
2.2.4 中介效應(yīng)的驗(yàn)證 ?采用極大似然法進(jìn)行中介效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示:卡方自由度比值(λ2/df)=2.91,擬合優(yōu)度指數(shù)(GFI)=0.875。見圖1。結(jié)果顯示,情緒智力到支持性溝通的間接效應(yīng)成立(95%CI:0.05~0.24),且情緒智力到支持性溝通的直接效應(yīng)成立(95%CI:0.03~0.25)。
3 討論
3.1 臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力、共情與支持性溝通的現(xiàn)狀分析
臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力總分為(82.63±11.76)分,提示臨床專科護(hù)士總體情緒智力在中上水平,可能與護(hù)理工作中存在大量與情緒有關(guān)的勞動,迫使臨床護(hù)士處理情緒問題的能力不斷提高有關(guān)[14]。臨床??谱o(hù)士共情總分為(46.00±9.13)分,處于較低水平,在實(shí)際情境中,由于繁忙工作的限制[15],臨床??谱o(hù)士沒有充分運(yùn)用共情能力去識別和接納患者的情緒與情感。臨床??谱o(hù)士支持性溝通總分為(70.64±5.64)分,處于中等水平,因此建議管理者對護(hù)理人員開展有針對性的培訓(xùn)。
3.2 臨床??谱o(hù)士情緒智力、共情和支持性溝通的關(guān)系分析
3.2.1 情緒智力、共情均與支持性溝通呈正相關(guān) ?本研究結(jié)果顯示,情緒智力與共情呈正相關(guān)(P < 0.05),較高的情緒智力水平可以為患者營造一個良好的康復(fù)氛圍[16]。情緒智力與支持性溝通呈正相關(guān)(P < 0.05),護(hù)士具備良好情緒智力可以推動護(hù)患溝通的順利進(jìn)行[17]。共情與支持性溝通呈正相關(guān)(P < 0.01),即護(hù)士共情能力越高,就越能夠了解支持性溝通的狀態(tài)及變化,能夠自然地站在患者的角度考慮問題。
3.2.2 共情在情緒智力與支持性溝通之間起部分中介作用 ?共情包括認(rèn)知、情感及行為3個方面[18]。本研究顯示,共情在臨床專科護(hù)士情緒智力與支持性溝通之間起部分中介作用,可能是因?yàn)楣睬閷χС中詼贤ㄓ姓蝾A(yù)測作用。護(hù)理人員通過具備共情的意識、表達(dá)共情、共情反饋等方式讓患者感受到自己被理解,被尊重,從而增強(qiáng)護(hù)患溝通的效果[19]。護(hù)士需經(jīng)常安慰患者及家屬,幫助他們認(rèn)識疾病,安撫其不良情緒,而這些工作需要發(fā)揮情緒智力作用[20]。因此,臨床專科護(hù)士應(yīng)重視共情能力的培養(yǎng),進(jìn)而有效改善護(hù)患關(guān)系。
4 小結(jié)
本研究構(gòu)建了情緒智力、共情與支持性溝通3個變量間的關(guān)系模型,證實(shí)了共情在二者間的中介作用,提示臨床??谱o(hù)士可以采取換位思考,同情關(guān)心等措施提高自身的支持性溝通水平。
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(收稿日期:2019-11-19)