李敏 劉娣 程向陽
[摘要] 目的 研究老年人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后譫妄的影響因素,為有效防治老年患者術(shù)后譫妄提供依據(jù)。方法 選取蚌埠醫(yī)學院第一附屬醫(yī)院骨科2018年10月~2019年8月收治的151例人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者作為研究對象。術(shù)前采用衰弱量表測定患者衰弱程度,記錄患者年齡、性別、焦慮評分(APAIS)、Charlson共病指數(shù)(CCI)、日常生活活動能力評分(ADL)、白蛋白水平、美國麻醉學會分級(ASA)等一般資料。根據(jù)譫妄量表(CAMCR)篩選出發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄的患者,將患者分為譫妄組和非譫妄組,分析術(shù)后譫妄影響因素。 結(jié)果 譫妄組共37例,非譫妄組共114例。術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率為24.5%。與非譫妄組比較,譫妄組年齡較大、術(shù)前焦慮評分較高、Charlson評分較高、ADL評分較低、術(shù)前衰弱人數(shù)較多,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05)。二元回歸分析顯示術(shù)前衰弱、焦慮、并存多種疾病、日常活動能力下降是術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的獨立影響因素(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 衰弱、焦慮、并存多種疾病及日?;顒幽芰ο陆?,是老年人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)后譫妄的獨立影響因素。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);老年患者;術(shù)后譫妄;衰弱;危險因素
[中圖分類號] R687.4 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)07(a)-0082-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the influence factors of postoperative delirium in olderly patients with artificial joint replacement, so as to provide basis for effective prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium in elderly patients. Methods A total of 151 cases of artificial joint replacement patients undergoing prosthetic replacement surgery at the Department of Orthopedics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College from October 2018 to August 2019 were selected as the subjects. The frailty scale was used to measure the frailty of the patients before surgery, and the age, sex, anxiety score (APAIS), Charlson comorbidities index (CCI), daily activity score (ADL), albumin level, American Society of Anesthesiology grading (ASA) and other general data were recorded. Patients with postoperative delirium were screened out according to delirium scale (CAMCR). The patients were divided into the postoperative delirium group and the non-postoperative delirium group, and risk factors of postoperative delirium were analyzed. Results There were 37 cases in the postoperative delirium group and 114 cases in the non-postoperative delirium group. The incidence of postoperative delirium was 24.5%. Compared with the non-postoperative delirium group, the postoperative delirium group was older, the preoperative anxiety score was higher, the Charlson score was higher, the ADL score was lower, and the numbers of debilitating was more, the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Binary regression analysis showed that weakness, anxiety, co-existence of various diseases and decreased ability of daily activities were independent risk factors for postoperative delirium (P < 0.05). Conclusion Frailty, anxiety, comorbidities and decreased ability of daily activities are independent influence factors for postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing artificial joint replacement.
[Key words] Orthopaedic surgery; Elderly patients; Postoperative delirium; Frailty; Influence factors
骨科手術(shù)經(jīng)常發(fā)生嚴重的外科和醫(yī)療并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后譫妄(postoperative delirium,POD)是骨科手術(shù)患者最常見的并發(fā)癥之一[1]。POD是指患者在經(jīng)歷外科手術(shù)后24~72 h出現(xiàn)的意識、注意力和認知功能的急性紊亂,是常見的老年患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥[2]。臨床醫(yī)生如不及時恰當?shù)靥幚?,將增加患者的住院時間,導致持續(xù)性的認知功能障礙,甚至導致永久性腦損害、癡呆或死亡[3]。本研究通過對151例老年髖關(guān)節(jié)或膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者的臨床資料進行分析,探討與POD相關(guān)的影響因素,為針對性地采用干預措施,降低POD的發(fā)生率提供依據(jù),對促進老年患者快速康復具有重要的臨床價值。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
經(jīng)蚌埠醫(yī)學院第一附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準,選取我院關(guān)節(jié)骨科2018年10月~2019年8月,老年擇期髖關(guān)節(jié)或膝關(guān)節(jié)單側(cè)置換術(shù)的患者151例,男44例,女107例;年齡65~87歲,平均(71.47±5.63)歲;行單側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)59例,單側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)92例;ASAⅡ~Ⅲ級,其中Ⅱ級89例,Ⅲ級62例。
納入標準:①年齡≥65歲;②老年擇期髖關(guān)節(jié)或膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);③患者及家屬知情同意。
排除標準:①術(shù)前簡易心智狀態(tài)問卷調(diào)查表(SPMSQ)[4]診斷認知障礙者;②術(shù)前譫妄量表(CAMCR)[5]診斷為譫妄者;③語言交流障礙,無法完成認知功能測試。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 一般資料 ?患者的一般資料主要包括年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、APAIS焦慮評分(APAIS)[6]、Charlson共病指數(shù)(CCI)[7]、日常生活活動能力(ADL)評分[8]、白蛋白水平、ASA分級等資料。CCI評分越高提示患者并存疾病越嚴重。
1.2.2 衰弱評估 ?采用FRAIL量表[9]進行衰弱評分。包括5項:①疲勞感;②阻力感:上1層樓梯即感困難;③自由活動下降:不能行走1個街區(qū);④多種疾病共存:≥5個;⑤體重減輕:1年內(nèi)體重下降>5.0%。其中0~1分為無衰弱;2~3分為輕度衰弱;>3分為衰弱。
1.2.3 POD評估 ?術(shù)后1~3 d應用CAMCR量表評估POD的發(fā)生情況,根據(jù)患者是否急性起病、注意力、思維、定向力、意識、記憶力、知覺、精神狀態(tài)、睡眠-覺醒周期等進行評分,評分>19分即診斷為POD。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 19.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。計量資料滿足正態(tài)分布則采用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗,不符合正態(tài)分布則采用[M(P25,P75)]表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗;計數(shù)資料采用百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗;將所得資料進行單因素分析后P < 0.1所對應的因素納入二元 logistic回歸分析篩選出獨立的危險因素。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1術(shù)后非POD組與POD組臨床特征比較
151例骨科老年手術(shù)患者臨床資料,根據(jù)CAMCR篩選出發(fā)生術(shù)后POD的患者,將患者分為POD組(37例)和非POD組(114例),術(shù)后POD的發(fā)生率為24.5%。與非POD組比較,POD組年齡較大、APAIS評分較高、CCI較高、ADL評分較低、術(shù)前衰弱人數(shù)較多,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 二元logistic回歸分析
將單因素分析中P < 0.1的相關(guān)因素作為自變量(其中賦值:無衰弱=1,輕度衰弱=2,衰弱=3),是否發(fā)生POD為因變量(賦值:術(shù)后非POD=0,術(shù)后POD=1),進行二元logistic 回歸分析。結(jié)果顯示術(shù)前衰弱、APAIS焦慮評分、CCI、ADL評分可以獨立預測POD的發(fā)生,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均P < 0.05)。見表2。
3 討論
POD是骨科患者術(shù)后最嚴重的并發(fā)癥之一,它會導致患者出院延遲,醫(yī)療費用增加,同時增加墜落、創(chuàng)傷、意外拔管等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生風險。成功的干預措施可顯著降低POD的發(fā)生率,因而靶向干預有發(fā)生POD風險的患者尤為重要。然而目前POD發(fā)生的影響因素仍不明確,可能由多種影響因素共同作用。這些影響因素常見的有認知功能下降、癡呆、腦卒中、術(shù)前營養(yǎng)不良等[10]。本研究著重探討術(shù)前及術(shù)中可能影響POD的影響因素。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)老年人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者POD的發(fā)生率為24.50%,與Scholtens等[11]的研究結(jié)果一致。然而,Bruce等[12]指出髖部骨折手術(shù)患者的POD發(fā)生率為4.0%~53.3%。筆者認為不同診斷標準及評分量表的采用、評估時段不同(可能遺漏病例)、手術(shù)及麻醉技術(shù)、圍術(shù)期護理等都是造成這種差異的原因。
近年來,衰弱在外科患者中的重要性引起人們的廣泛關(guān)注。老年人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、心血管系統(tǒng)等可產(chǎn)生功能退變和失調(diào),引發(fā)衰弱綜合征,增加跌倒、殘疾、患病和死亡等風險,更易出現(xiàn)術(shù)后不良結(jié)局[13-14]。衰弱評估是衡量機體整體的功能儲備,可以作為多系統(tǒng)疾病的篩查工具。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)老年人衰弱與術(shù)后并發(fā)癥密切相關(guān)[15-17],而衰弱是否是POD的風險因素鮮有報道。本研究采用FRAIL量表評估老年人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者術(shù)前衰弱,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前衰弱與POD的發(fā)生存在顯著相關(guān)性。相關(guān)學者發(fā)現(xiàn)[18]患有阿爾茨海默病的患者在死亡前表現(xiàn)為衰弱,提出衰弱可能是癡呆的前兆。炎性因子標志物C-反應蛋白或者白細胞介素與衰弱和認知損傷有關(guān)[19-20]。衰弱和POD可能有一個共同的病因。
此外,POD發(fā)生時的心理因素尚未得到充分考慮。入院患者在經(jīng)歷身體疾病、疼痛、噪音和身處病房等都會有一定程度的心理壓力[21]。Park等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前焦慮會導致更多的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,患者的恢復期延長和住院時間增加。本研究術(shù)前對患者采用APAIS焦慮量表評估患者焦慮程度,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)前焦慮是POD獨立的風險因素。焦慮可能與氧化應激、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的丟失有關(guān),與POD的發(fā)生機制相同[23]??梢娦g(shù)前及時適當?shù)男睦戆参?,減輕患者的心理壓力對降低POD的發(fā)生極為重要。對于老年患者,并存疾病及日?;顒幽土恳彩遣豢珊鲆暤囊蛩?。并存疾病往往提示多個器官系統(tǒng)受累或存在代謝紊亂,可導致POD風險增加[24]。ADL評分為功能狀態(tài)的評估,反映患者的日常生活能力和生活質(zhì)量。術(shù)前存在活動耐量降低,生理功能下降足以導致POD的發(fā)生。術(shù)前加強功能鍛煉,提高生活自理水平可以降低術(shù)后POD的發(fā)生風險。
本研究僅針對老年人工關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)的患者,而外科系統(tǒng)病種復雜,研究結(jié)果不能反映整個外科手術(shù)患者的術(shù)后POD。同時,樣本量的大小也是本研究的局限所在,尚需大樣本研究證實。FRAIL量表、APAIS焦慮量表等具有主觀性,不同的評估人員可能得到不同的評分,聯(lián)合其他量表評估更能提高準確性。
綜上所述,術(shù)前衰弱、焦慮、多種疾病并存、日?;顒幽芰ο陆凳抢夏耆斯りP(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)患者POD發(fā)生的獨立影響因素。術(shù)前系統(tǒng)地實施老年綜合評估,針對高風險患者進行干預包括術(shù)前調(diào)整全身狀況、運動鍛煉、營養(yǎng)支持、優(yōu)化他們的身體機能、心理治療減輕患者的焦慮等意義重大。
[參考文獻]
[1] ?Merchant RA,Lui KL,Ismail NH,et al. The relationship between postoperative complications and outcomes after hip fracture surgery [J]. Ann Acad Med Singapore,2005,34(2):163-168.
[2] ?Robinson TN,Raeburn CD,Tran ZV,et al. Postoperative delirium in the elderly [J]. Ann Surg,2009,249:173-178.
[3] ?劉丹,王東信.危重患者術(shù)后譫妄對遠期生存率的影響[J].重慶醫(yī)學,2015,44(9):1229-1231.
[4] ?Pfeiffer E. A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients [J]. J Am Geriatr Soc,1975,23(10):433-441.
[5] ?Inouye SK,van Dyck CH,Alessi CA,et al. Clarifying confusion:the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium [J]. Ann Intern Med,1990,113(12):941-948.
[6] ?Moerman N,van Dam FS,Muller MJ,et al. The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS)[J]. Anesth Analg,1996,82(3):445-451.
[7] ?Roffman CE,Buchanan J,Allison GT. Charlson Comorbidities Index [J]. J Physiother,2016,62(3):171.
[8] ?Mahoney FI,Barthel DW. Functional evaluation:the Barthel index [J]. Md State Med J,1965(14):61-65.
[9] ?Morley JE,Malmstrom TK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans [J]. J Nutr Health Aging,2012,16(7):601-608.
[10] ?Reddy SV,Irkal JN,Srinivasamurthy A,et al. Postoperative delirium in elderly citizens and current practice [J]. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol,2017,33(3):291-299.
[11] ?Scholtens RM,de Rooij SE,Vellekoop AE,et al. Preoperative CSF Melatonin Concentrations and the Occurrence of Delirium in Older Hip Fracture Patients:A Preliminary Study [J]. PLoS One,2016,11(12):1-11.
[12] ?Bruce AJ,Ritchie CW,Blizard R,et al. The incidence of delirium associated with orthopedic surgery:a meta-analytic review [J]. Int Psychogeriatr,2007,19(2):197-214.
[13] ?宋維,王家杰,劉佳文.老年衰弱綜合征的研究[J].腦與神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2018,26(9):579-582.
[14] ?施紅.老年人衰弱綜合征[J].中華老年病研究電子雜志,2016,3(3):11-15.
[15] ?Charles H Brown 4th,Laura Max,Andrew Laflam,et al. The Association Between Preoperative Frailty and Postoperative Delirium After Cardiac Surgery[J]. Anesth,Analg,2016,123(2):340-435.
[16] ?張文,劉殿剛,呂建陽,等.衰弱評分與老年患者行經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)發(fā)生率關(guān)系的研究[J].臨床和實驗醫(yī)學雜志,2015,14(11):895-898.
[17] ?Gleason LJ,Benton EA,Alvarez-Nebreda ML,et al. FRAIL Questionnaire Screening Tool and Short-Term Outcomes in Geriatric Fracture Patients [J]. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2017,18(12):1082-1086.
[18] ?Buchman AS,Schneider JA,Leurgans S. Physical frailty in older persons is associated with Alzheimer disease pathology [J]. Neurology,2008,71(7):499-504.
[19] ?Puts MT,Visser M,Twisk JW,et al. Endocrine and inflammatory markers as predictors of frailty [J]. Clin Endocrinol(Oxf),2005,63(4):403-411.
[20] ?Weaver JD,Huang MH,Albert M,et al. Interleukin-6 and risk of cognitive decline:MacArthur studies of successful aging [J]. Neurology,2002,59(3):371-378.
[21] ?MacLullich AM. Who understands delirium? [J]. Age Ageing,2011,40(4):412-414.
[22] ?Park S,Chang HK,Hwang Y,et al. Risk factors for postoperative anxiety and depression after surgical treatment for lung cancer [J]. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2015,49(1):16-21.
[23] ?Black CN,Bot M,Scheffer PG. Oxidative stress in major depressive and anxiety disorders,and the association with antidepressant use; results from a large adult cohort [J]. Psychol Med,2017,47(5):936-948.
[24] ?Raats JW,Steunenberg SL,de Lange DC. Risk factors of post-operative delirium after elective vascular surgery in the elderly:A systematic review [J]. Int J Surg,2016,35:1-6.
(收稿日期:2020-01-02)