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        光動(dòng)力治療感染性皮膚病的研究進(jìn)展

        2014-04-29 04:23:14楊雅驪都琳廖萬(wàn)清
        中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué) 2014年12期
        關(guān)鍵詞:扁平疣封包光敏劑

        楊雅驪 都琳 廖萬(wàn)清

        光動(dòng)力療法(Photodynamic therapy,PDT)的歷史可以追溯到20世紀(jì)初,它是利用光敏劑與光結(jié)合發(fā)生光動(dòng)力學(xué)反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生活性氧,特別是單態(tài)氧,造成靶組織的細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死,從而對(duì)疾病進(jìn)行診斷和治療的一種新技術(shù)。目前,該技術(shù)在皮膚科治療領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用廣泛,如:日光性角化?。╝ctinic keratosis,AK)、皮膚基底細(xì)胞癌(basal cellcarcinoma carcinomas,BCC)、皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)、鮑恩病(Bowens disease,BD)和派杰氏?。≒aget's disease)等皮膚癌和癌前期病變,均取得了顯著的治療效果[1]。近年來(lái),尤其在感染性皮膚病方面,如:痤瘡,各類人乳頭瘤病毒感染性疾病,如:尖銳濕疣(condyloma acuminatum,CA)、扁平疣、手足疣等和皮膚利什曼等疾病[2],更是顯出了效率高、復(fù)發(fā)低、美容佳等優(yōu)點(diǎn),并越來(lái)越受到廣大醫(yī)生的關(guān)注,現(xiàn)將光動(dòng)力治療感染性皮膚病的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展綜述如下。

        1 光動(dòng)力療法的作用機(jī)制

        PDT的過(guò)程主要是在氧分子富集的環(huán)境中經(jīng)照光激活光敏劑。也就是說(shuō),PDT的作用機(jī)制為:光敏劑接受特定光源照射后,受到激發(fā)產(chǎn)生光動(dòng)力反應(yīng),處于激發(fā)狀態(tài)的光敏劑把能量傳遞給周圍的氧,從而生成活性很強(qiáng)的單態(tài)氧,繼而對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)、核酸和脂類大分子產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性作用,嚴(yán)重影響細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,最終干擾腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)并導(dǎo)致其死亡,達(dá)到治療作用。1990年,Kennedy等[3]首次將氨基酮戊酸-光動(dòng)力療法(aminolevulinie acid-photodynamie therapy,ALA-PDT)應(yīng)用于皮膚科領(lǐng)域。ALA是首個(gè)被FDA批準(zhǔn)而用于局部PDT的光敏劑前體藥物,其在體表轉(zhuǎn)化成一種內(nèi)源性光敏劑—原卟啉IX(Protoporphyrin IX,PpIX)。PpIX主要蓄積于癌前病變、惡性病變中快速增殖的細(xì)胞內(nèi)、黑色素、血管和皮脂腺當(dāng)中。在有氧情況下,產(chǎn)生自由基單線態(tài)氧,通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞而選擇性破壞腫瘤組織,而對(duì)周圍正常組織并無(wú)損害。

        1.1 光敏劑:目前,在歐洲,僅有3種光敏劑被批準(zhǔn)使用:①氨基酮戊酸甲酯(methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy,MAL):主要配合紅光治療非角化型AK、BD、表淺和結(jié)節(jié)型BCC;②5-氨基酮戊酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA):在無(wú)預(yù)處理情況下,通過(guò)單一療程,配合紅光治療輕度AK;③BF-200 ALA(ALA的納米乳劑):僅批準(zhǔn)與紅光配合治療輕度AK;④氨基乙酰丙酸鹽酸(Levulan):被北美和其他一些國(guó)家批準(zhǔn)與藍(lán)光配合治療AK[2]。

        目前,有關(guān)光敏劑劑型和封包時(shí)間對(duì)PDT療效的影響程度尚有爭(zhēng)議。理論上講,相比ALA,MAL的脂溶性更強(qiáng),表皮滲透性更佳,但研究顯示兩者在AK和結(jié)節(jié)性BCC的療效上并無(wú)顯著差異[4-5]。但是,相比MAL,能顯著提高ALA穩(wěn)定性和皮膚滲透性的BF-200-ALA,在治療面部和頭皮處的薄/中等厚度AK時(shí),后者的清除率則明顯提高(78% vs 64%)[6]。除此之外,電離子透入療法和化學(xué)增強(qiáng)劑也能顯著提高光敏劑的滲透性,這與光化學(xué)反應(yīng)中PpIX的產(chǎn)量與溫度有關(guān),即局部溫度高,則PpIX產(chǎn)量高。故PDT治療前,提高局部皮溫能顯著增加治愈率[7]。

        通常MAL的封包時(shí)間為3h。Levulan的封包時(shí)間為18~24h,可實(shí)際應(yīng)用中多為1h,甚至更短,但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)封包1h和3h的清除率并無(wú)顯著差異(76% vs 85%)[8]。此外,還有其他一些常用的光敏劑,如:金絲桃素和硅鈦菁等,也能有效治療部分表皮惡性腫瘤,但仍需進(jìn)一步商業(yè)推廣。

        1.2 光源:PDT的光源包括各類激光器光源、過(guò)濾氙弧燈、金屬鹵素?zé)?、熒光燈和發(fā)光二極管(light emitting diodes,IEDs)等。窄譜的LEDs光源設(shè)備適合皮損面積大的皮膚病,常用的有紅光和藍(lán)光。這些LEDs的紅光多為630~635nm,不僅能有效激活PpIX,還能去除其他波長(zhǎng)的光源,且照射時(shí)間短。過(guò)濾性強(qiáng)脈沖激光(intense pulsed lights,IPLs)成功運(yùn)用于PDT,并有效治療AK。Dirschka等[6,9]分別采用BF-200-ALA和MAL兩種光敏劑,比較窄譜和寬譜光源PDT的有效率,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)窄譜光源療效更好(85% vs 72%;68% vs 61%)。而在藍(lán)光中,PpIX的吸收峰值為410nm,其他依次為505nm、540nm、580nm和630nm。

        研究發(fā)現(xiàn)間斷的光源照射能有效提高PDT的治愈率,這可能與“黑暗期”更利于靶組織的重新氧化過(guò)程有關(guān)。與傳統(tǒng)的連續(xù)照射方式相比,間斷照射法治療表淺型BCC的有效率較前者明顯增高(97% vs 89%),但在治療BD時(shí)卻并無(wú)顯著差異[10-11]。Haas等[12]采用ALA-PDT治療552例非黑色素皮膚癌,分別在光敏劑封包4h和6h,給予20J/cm2和80J/cm2的照射劑量,兩年后完全清除率達(dá)95%。同時(shí),Sotiriou等[13]同樣采用上述參數(shù)的ALA-PDT治療AK,相比傳統(tǒng)的連續(xù)照射方式(間隔7天,2個(gè)周期),3個(gè)月和12個(gè)月的完全清除率有顯著差異(96% vs 89%;94% vs 85%),提示間斷的照射方式可能增加PDT的療效。但Mosterd等[14]采用ALA-PDT的間斷照射方式治療非皮膚基底細(xì)胞癌(no basal cellcarcinoma carcinomas,nBCC)的長(zhǎng)期隨訪結(jié)果顯示,光敏劑封包4、5h后,作者分別采用75J/cm2的照射劑量,最初的完全清除率和3年后的失敗率分別為94%和30%,說(shuō)明該法對(duì)PDT的療效影響尚不明確。

        此外,正常日光也可作為PDT的光源選擇。Wiegell等[15]采用日光+MAL-PDT,封包0.5h,自然光照2.5h,與紅光+MAL-PDT相比,兩組有效率相近,但日光組無(wú)明顯疼痛感。隨后,該作者又將日光照射時(shí)間縮短至1.5h,也未出現(xiàn)有效率下降的情況。隨后,一項(xiàng)針對(duì)不同嚴(yán)重程度AK的多中心臨床研究顯示,日光+MAL-PDT治療中重度AK的療效欠佳,且各組間的有效率差別較大,因此,日光作為PDT備選光源的有效性還有待長(zhǎng)期觀察[16-17]。目前的國(guó)際共識(shí)認(rèn)為,日光+PDT可治療大面積AK,但需充分考慮氣候、光照和針對(duì)其余光暴露部位的合理避光措施[18]。此外,還有一種可隨身攜帶的便攜式LED光源治療儀,可進(jìn)行短時(shí)(10min)、低能量的照射,治療BD和SBCC效果顯著,17處皮損中清除了11處,但多數(shù)患者伴有輕微疼痛[19-20]。

        1.3 預(yù)處理:Gerritsen等[7]采用MAL-PDT治療中等厚度/角化過(guò)度型AK、BD前,預(yù)先剝脫角質(zhì)能顯著增加療效,如激光術(shù)、刮除術(shù)和微晶磨削術(shù),但也有類似研究的臨床結(jié)果與之不符[21-23]。通常,結(jié)節(jié)型BCC可能更需要采用刮勺或手術(shù)刀等進(jìn)行預(yù)處理。Thissen等[24]采用ALA-PDT治療前3周,對(duì)nBCC進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,治療1次后,完全清除率達(dá)92%。Moloney等[4]采用ALA-PDT或MAL-PDT治療nBCC,分別給予或不給予預(yù)處理,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)后者的頑固性nBCC病例明顯增多。

        2 光動(dòng)力療法在感染性皮膚病中的治療進(jìn)展

        2.1 痤瘡:PDT治療痤瘡的相關(guān)研究已開(kāi)展多年,但仍未形成國(guó)際化的治療共識(shí)。目前認(rèn)為采用“低劑量”PDT—即少量光敏劑、短封包時(shí)間、低照射劑量(13J/cm2,600~700nm)和穿透性弱的藍(lán)光光源,可通過(guò)直接抗菌和調(diào)節(jié)免疫獲得短期療效。而“高劑量”PDT—即高照射劑量(150J/cm2,550~700nm),則能直接破壞毛囊皮脂腺[20]?;蛘哒f(shuō),PDT只能暫時(shí)減輕痤瘡丙酸桿菌感染,卻能長(zhǎng)久減少皮脂分泌。此外,也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為“高劑量”ALA-PDT或MAL-PDT的療效相似,光敏劑封包3h或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間都能獲得長(zhǎng)時(shí)間緩解,但紅光更易破壞毛囊皮脂腺,而藍(lán)光或IPLs更易引起疼痛或顯著的炎癥反應(yīng)[23]。資料顯示PDT治療痤瘡的炎癥性皮損效果更好。Wiegell等[25]采用預(yù)處理+MAL-PDT治療36例中重度痤瘡,3個(gè)月后炎癥性皮損減少68%,非炎癥皮損則無(wú)明顯變化,但所有患者都出現(xiàn)了中重度疼痛、進(jìn)展性紅斑、爆發(fā)性膿皰和上皮的剝落。Dragieva等[26]開(kāi)展了15例痤瘡患者的半臉對(duì)比研究,隨訪3個(gè)月后發(fā)現(xiàn),MAL-PDT組和ALA-PDT組的炎癥性皮損都減少了約59%,且都出現(xiàn)中重度疼痛和爆發(fā)性膿皰,但ALA-PDT組不良反應(yīng)的嚴(yán)重度更高。同時(shí),Horfelt等[27]采用安慰劑與MAL-PDT組進(jìn)行對(duì)比治療發(fā)現(xiàn),后者的炎癥性皮損明顯減少(54% vs 20%)。

        最新的研究重點(diǎn)聚焦在PDT治療痤瘡的最佳優(yōu)化方案方面,即獲取最大療效,減少不良反應(yīng),且對(duì)非炎癥性皮損也有效。Mavilia等[28]嘗試采用“低劑量” MAL-PDT治療16例痤瘡,即4% MAL的稀釋液,封包1.5h和10~20J/cm2的紅光照射,3月后隨訪,炎癥性皮損減少66%,但非炎癥性皮損仍無(wú)明顯改變。為增加光敏劑的藥物利用度和提高PDT療效,de Leeuw等[29]采用IPL+0.5%5-ALA脂質(zhì)體噴霧-PDT,與外用角質(zhì)剝脫劑組對(duì)比,兩組療效相似,炎癥性和非炎癥性皮損均減少約71%和65%,兩組間并無(wú)明顯差異。此外,Horn 等[30]采用MAL-PDT治療7例慢性毛囊炎獲得良效,但治療皮脂腺增生和化膿性汗腺炎的療效則有所差異[31]。Gold等[32]采用ALA-PDT治療4例化膿性汗腺炎均無(wú)效,但Strauss等[33]聯(lián)合藍(lán)光+ALA-PDT時(shí),有效率卻達(dá)75%~100%。PDT治療酒糟鼻的經(jīng)驗(yàn)尚處于摸索階段。Bryld等[34]采用MAL-PDT治療17例患者,10例療效佳。但Togsverd-Bo等[35]開(kāi)展的前瞻性對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PDL+MAL-PDT組和PDL組間的療效并無(wú)明顯差異。

        2.2 人乳頭瘤病毒感染相關(guān)疾病

        2.2.1 生殖器疣:局部PDT是治療生殖器疣的方法之一。Fehr等[36]和Stefanaki等[37]采用ALA-PDT治療男性尖銳濕疣和女性會(huì)陰、陰道濕疣,兩組的清除率分別為73%和66%。Wang等[38]采用ALA-PDT治療164例尿道濕疣,1/4患者達(dá)到95%清除率,6~24個(gè)月的復(fù)發(fā)率為5%。

        與傳統(tǒng)療法相比,PDT是一種更簡(jiǎn)單有效且耐受性好的方法。Chen等[39]采用ALA-PDT和CO2激光分別治療尖銳濕疣,其首次治療后的有效率和復(fù)發(fā)率分別為95% vs 100%和6% vs 19%,說(shuō)明ALA-PDT組的復(fù)發(fā)率更低。同時(shí),Liang等[40]再次使用ALA-PDT和CO2激光治療90例尖銳濕疣發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組的清除率基本相近,但ALA-PDT組隨訪3個(gè)月后的復(fù)發(fā)率更低(9% vs 17%)。然而,Szeimies等[41]開(kāi)展的大型前瞻性臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)卻顯示,采用CO2激光+ALA-PDT組和ALA-PDT組共治療175例尖銳濕疣,治療3個(gè)月后復(fù)發(fā)率分別為50%和53%,說(shuō)明ALA-PDT雖然有很好的耐受性,但并不能明顯增加CO2激光的清除率,所以兩者聯(lián)合治療的必要性還有待考察。

        2.2.2 難治性手足疣:因?yàn)槿狈Υ笠?guī)模前瞻性對(duì)比研究,所以治療非生殖器疣有效的PDT并不是一線治療方案。Smucler等[42]分別采用ALA-PDT、PDL/LED+ALA-PDT、LED三種方法治療病毒疣,其清除率分別為100%、96%和81%,ALA-PDT明顯優(yōu)于后兩種方法。Stender等[43]分別采用ALA-PDT和CO2激光法治療頑固性手足疣,兩組均進(jìn)行了預(yù)處理,但前組療效顯著高于后組(98% vs 52%),疼痛發(fā)生率也高。同樣,與冷凍法相比,ALA-PDT治療尋常疣也獲得良好效果[44]。對(duì)于特殊部位的病毒疣,Schroeter等[45]采用ALA-PDT治療20例(40處皮損)甲周疣,18例(36處皮損)經(jīng)過(guò)4.5次治療后獲完全清除。此外,尚有MAL-PDT治療頑固性手部尋常疣的散在病例報(bào)道[46]。

        2.3扁平疣:研究顯示PDT治療扁平疣有效,但其治愈率、不良反應(yīng)率和復(fù)發(fā)率的不確定性,以及額外的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,使其僅限于頑固復(fù)發(fā)性面部扁平疣患者的備選治療方案。1999年,Stender等[47]首次采用ALA-PDT治療面部多發(fā)性扁平疣獲得痊愈。隨后,Mizuki等[48]和Caucanas等[49]分別報(bào)道ALA-PDT治療13歲患兒和肺移植患者的多發(fā)性面部扁平疣獲得痊愈的病例[48-49]。中國(guó)地區(qū),2008年,Lin等[50]采用ALA治療3例面部頑固扁平疣患者,2例獲得痊愈,1例聯(lián)合IPL治療獲得痊愈,均無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。Lu等[51]采用10% ALA-PDT治療18例面部多發(fā)性扁平疣患者,結(jié)果1例無(wú)效退出,17例患者經(jīng)過(guò)2次治療后痊愈,其中僅1例在6個(gè)月后復(fù)發(fā)。Li等[52]采用半臉對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,分別采用5%、10%和20%的ALA-PDT治療面部扁平疣,其完全清除率為74.1%、68.8%和64.6%,色素沉著是最多的治療后副作用(61%),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)10% ALA-PDT組的臨床有效率最佳,且臨床耐受性最好,20% ALA-PDT的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率最高。

        2.3 皮膚利什曼病:綜合文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),Snoek等[53]采用MAL-PDT或ALA-PDT治療39例(77處皮損)皮膚利什曼病,有效率約為94%~100%。另有Enk等[54]采用紅光聯(lián)合ALA-PDT治療11例(32處皮損)痊愈,6月后無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)。此外,Asilian等[55]收集57例皮膚利什曼病例,分別采用紅光+ALA-PDT、每天2次外用巴龍霉素或安慰劑,4、8周后的有效率分別為94%(100%)、41%(65%)。PDT治療機(jī)制可能是與非特異性組織的破壞和巨噬細(xì)胞的減少有關(guān),而非直接殺死寄生蟲[56-57]。

        3 小結(jié)

        病毒感染性皮膚病的種類很多,具有頑固復(fù)發(fā)等特點(diǎn),傳統(tǒng)治療方法多,但少有特效根治且耐受性好的辦法。光動(dòng)力療法為病毒感染性皮膚病治療提供了一種新的選擇,并顯示出其優(yōu)越性:效果顯著、副作用少、美容性強(qiáng)。但如何達(dá)成光動(dòng)力療法治療各類病毒感染性疾病的優(yōu)化方案,還需今后長(zhǎng)期的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)和科研探討。

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        [收稿日期]2014-04-14 [修回日期]2014-05-16

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