【摘要】 目的 探討術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)與高血壓腦出血(HICH)患者血腫清除效果及術(shù)后再出血的關(guān)聯(lián)。方法 選取2021年5月—2024年1月在黔南州人民醫(yī)院接受微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術(shù)治療的80例HICH患者,依據(jù)血腫狀態(tài)分為規(guī)則組、不規(guī)則組,并比較兩組術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1 d、術(shù)后3 d血腫清除率及術(shù)前、術(shù)后3 d改良Rankin量表(mRS)、美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)評(píng)分。術(shù)后6~12 h常規(guī)復(fù)查入組患者頭顱CT,依據(jù)術(shù)后是否再出血分為出血組、未出血組,收集患者臨床資料,單因素、多因素回歸分析法篩選影響HICH患者術(shù)后再出血的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果 規(guī)則組術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1 d、術(shù)后3 d血腫清除率分別為(45.50±0.20)%、(68.50±5.15)%、(88.65±0.20)%,均高于不規(guī)則組的(20.25±1.15)%、(4.50±0.05)%、(70.80±5.25)%,組間差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。規(guī)則組與不規(guī)則組組間、時(shí)間點(diǎn)mRS評(píng)分、NIHSS評(píng)分存在交互作用(P<0.05),且規(guī)則組術(shù)后3 d mRS評(píng)分、NIHSS評(píng)分均低于不規(guī)則組(P<0.05)。出血組、未出血組年齡≥60歲比例、術(shù)前血壓分級(jí)、發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)、術(shù)前血腫量、術(shù)后壓差>80 mmHg比例差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),性別比、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、基礎(chǔ)疾病、出血部位、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)等臨床資料差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。Logistic多因素回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡≥60歲、術(shù)前血壓分級(jí)(重度)、發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間>6 h、術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)(不規(guī)則)、術(shù)前血腫量多、術(shù)后壓差>80 mmHg是影響HICH患者術(shù)后再出血的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),即與上述指標(biāo)與HICH患者術(shù)后再出血密切相關(guān)。結(jié)論 術(shù)前規(guī)則血腫的HICH患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血腫清除效果、神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)情況均優(yōu)于術(shù)前不規(guī)則血腫的HICH患者,且術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)與HICH患者術(shù)后再出血密切相關(guān)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 高血壓腦出血;微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術(shù);血腫形態(tài);術(shù)后再出血
【中圖分類號(hào)】 R651.1" 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】 B" 【文章編號(hào)】 1672-7770(2025)01-0082-06
Association of preoperative hematoma morphology with hematoma removal effect and postoperative rebleeding in patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage
Abstract: Objective To investigate the relationship between the morphology of hematoma before operation and the effect of hematoma removal and postoperative rebleeding in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage(HICH). Methods A total of 80 patients with HICH who received minimally invasive puncture and drainage treatment in Qiannan Prefecture People’s Hospital from May 2021 to January 2024 were selected. According to the status of hematoma, they were divided into regular group and irregular group, the hematoma clearance rate immediately after surgery, 1 day and 3 days after surgery, and the scores of modified Rankin scale(mRS) and National Institute of Health stroke scale(NIHSS) before surgery and 3 days after surgery were compared. Head CT of enrolled patients was routinely reviewed 6-12 h after surgery, and they were divided into bleeding group and non-bleeding group according to whether postoperative bleeding occurred again, clinical data of patients were collected, single factor and multiple factor regression analysis were used to screen the risk factors of postoperative rebleeding in patients with HICH." Results The hematoma clearance rates of the regular group were(45.50±0.20)%, (68.50±5.15)% and (88.65±0.20)% immediately, 1 day and 3 days after surgery respectively, which were higher than those of the irregular group(20.25±1.15)%, (4.50±0.05)% and (70.80±5.25)%, the difference between groups was statistically significant(Plt;0.05). There was interaction between the regular group and the irregular group, and between the time point mRS score and NIHSS score(Plt;0.05), and the mRS score and NIHSS score at 3 days after operation in the regular group were lower than those in the irregular group(Plt;0.05). The proportion of age ≥60 years old, preoperative blood pressure grade, time from onset to operation, preoperative hematoma shape, preoperative hematoma amount and postoperative pressure difference gt;80 mmHg were statistically significant differences between bleeding group and non-bleeding group(Plt;0.05). There were no significant differences in gender ratio, body mass index(BMI), underlying diseases, bleeding site, operation duration and other clinical data(Pgt;0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that age ≥60 years old, preoperative blood pressure classification(severe), the time from onset to operation gt; 6 h, the shape of preoperative hematoma(irregular), and the amount of preoperative hematoma and postoperative pressure difference gt;80 mmHg were risk factors for postoperative rebleeding in patients with HICH(Plt;0.05), which was closely related to the above indexes and postoperative rebleeding in patients with HICH. Conclusions In HICH patients with regular preoperative hematoma, the results of hematoma clearance and neurological function recovery at different time points were better than those in HICH patients with irregular preoperative hematoma, and the morphology of preoperative hematoma was closely related to postoperative rebleeding in HICH patients.
Key words: hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage; minimally invasive puncture drainage; hematoma morphology; postoperative rebleeding
高血壓腦出血(hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage,HICH)是高血壓患者最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,主要表現(xiàn)為突發(fā)性頭痛、嘔吐、意識(shí)障礙、肢體偏癱等癥狀,且具有起病急驟、病情發(fā)展迅速、病死率高等特點(diǎn),是中國(guó)中老年群體中致殘、致死的主要原因之一[12]。HICH治療理念為盡快清除血腫,解除血腫占位效應(yīng)及代謝產(chǎn)物對(duì)周圍正常腦組織的侵害,以保留更多腦功能[3]。隨著微創(chuàng)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術(shù)因其創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)勢(shì)廣泛應(yīng)用于HICH的治療,如Zhang等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),微創(chuàng)技術(shù)治療HICH在改善血腫腫瘤水腫、患者神經(jīng)功能方面明顯優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)顱手術(shù)。近年來(lái)在臨床實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn),部分HICH患者存在術(shù)后再出血的現(xiàn)象,不利于患者痊愈,明確影響HICH患者術(shù)后再出血的危險(xiǎn)因素具有重要意義[5]。既往研究表明,血腫形態(tài)不規(guī)則是預(yù)測(cè)HICH血腫擴(kuò)大的有效指標(biāo),但尚不清楚血腫形態(tài)是否與HICH患者血腫清除效果及術(shù)后再出血相關(guān)[6]。鑒于此,本研究回顧性分析2021年5月—2024年1月在黔南州人民醫(yī)院接受微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術(shù)治療的80例HICH患者的臨床資料,旨在探討術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)與HICH患者血腫清除效果及術(shù)后再出血的關(guān)聯(lián),以期為HICH臨床診療及患者臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸提供理論支持?,F(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 術(shù)前行頭顱計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)檢查,依據(jù)CT斷層圖像結(jié)果,將血腫形態(tài)、邊緣形狀類圓形或血腫腔每平方毫米表面積三角片數(shù)量≥1.95個(gè)/mm2的界定為規(guī)則[7]。見(jiàn)圖1。
1.2 一般資料 共納入80例HICH患者,依據(jù)“術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)界定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”將其分為規(guī)則組50例,其中男32例,女18例;年齡50~70歲,平均年齡(60.50±5.20)歲;入院格拉斯哥昏迷指數(shù)(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)評(píng)分[8]3~12分,平均GCS評(píng)分(7.50±.20);不規(guī)則組30例,其中男18例,女12例;年齡48~69歲,平均年齡(60.00±5.05)歲;入院GCS評(píng)分3~12分,平均GCS評(píng)分(7.20±.10)分。兩組一般資料無(wú)明顯差異(P>0.05)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合《高血壓性腦出血中國(guó)多學(xué)科診治指南》[9]中相關(guān)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且影像學(xué)檢查提示小腦出血≥10 mL或丘腦、基底節(jié)出血≥30 mL;(2)首次發(fā)?。唬?)患者均知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并肝腎功能異常、凝血功能障礙或其他腦血管病變;(2)血栓及出血性疾病史;(3)合并腦血管畸形或顱腦外傷。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 術(shù)后再出血評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10] 術(shù)后6~12 h常規(guī)復(fù)查頭顱CT,如CT發(fā)現(xiàn)原出血部位再次出現(xiàn)血腫且血腫體積>30 mL或術(shù)區(qū)出現(xiàn)新的出血灶,符合上述任一項(xiàng)即判定為術(shù)后再出血。
1.3.2 分組及臨床資料收集 依據(jù)“術(shù)后再出血評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”將入組患者分為出血組(n=21)、未出血組(n=59),從醫(yī)院電子病歷系統(tǒng)調(diào)取患者臨床資料,包括性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、基礎(chǔ)疾?。ㄌ悄虿 ⒐谛牟。⑿g(shù)前血壓分級(jí)、發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血部位、入院GCS評(píng)分、術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)、術(shù)前血腫量、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、術(shù)中失血量、術(shù)后壓差。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo) (1)比較規(guī)則組、不規(guī)則組術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1 d、術(shù)后3 d血腫清除率及術(shù)前、術(shù)后3 d改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)[11]、美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)[12]評(píng)分,其中血腫清除率=(術(shù)前血腫量-術(shù)后血腫量)/術(shù)前血腫量×100%,mRS評(píng)分、NIHSS評(píng)分越高提示患者狀態(tài)、神經(jīng)功能越差;(2)比較出血組、未出血組臨床資料;(3)Logistic多因素回歸分析法篩選影響HICH患者術(shù)后再出血的危險(xiǎn)因素。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用SPSS 27.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x-±s)表示,采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩組間比較,采用重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析進(jìn)行不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)間比較;計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩組間比較;采用Logistic多因素回歸分析法篩選影響HICH患者術(shù)后再出血的危險(xiǎn)因素。以Plt;0.05認(rèn)為具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 規(guī)則組、不規(guī)則組術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1 d、術(shù)后3 d血腫清除率比較 規(guī)則組術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1 d、術(shù)后3 d血腫清除率分別為(45.50±0.20)%、(68.50±5.15)%、(88.65±0.20)%,均高于不規(guī)則組的(20.25±1.15)%、(4.50±0.05)%、(70.80±5.25)%,組間、時(shí)點(diǎn)間、組間與時(shí)點(diǎn)間的交互關(guān)系差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 規(guī)則組、不規(guī)則組術(shù)前、術(shù)后3 d mRS評(píng)分、NIHSS評(píng)分比較 規(guī)則組與不規(guī)則組組間、時(shí)間點(diǎn)mRS評(píng)分、NIHSS評(píng)分存在交互作用(P<0.05),且規(guī)則組術(shù)后3 d mRS評(píng)分、NIHSS評(píng)分均低于不規(guī)則組(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 出血組、未出血組臨床資料比較 出血組、未出血組年齡≥60歲比例、術(shù)前血壓分級(jí)、發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)、術(shù)前血腫量、術(shù)后壓差>80 mmHg比例差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),性別比、BMI、基礎(chǔ)疾病、出血部位、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)等臨床資料差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
2.4 影響HICH患者術(shù)后再出血的危險(xiǎn)因素 將出血組、未出血組存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的指標(biāo)(年齡、術(shù)前血壓分級(jí)、發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)、術(shù)前血腫量、術(shù)后壓差)作為自變量(X),術(shù)后再出血(是=1、否=0)作為因變量(Y)進(jìn)行Logistic多因素回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示年齡≥60歲、術(shù)前血壓分級(jí)(重度)、發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間>6 h、術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)(不規(guī)則)、術(shù)前血腫量多、術(shù)后壓差>80 mmHg是影響HICH患者術(shù)后再出血的危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),即與上述指標(biāo)與HICH患者術(shù)后再出血密切相關(guān)。見(jiàn)表4。
3 討 論
HICH是臨床常見(jiàn)急性腦血管疾病之一,出血后腦組織病理生理改變可分為兩個(gè)階段,第一階段為急性出血擴(kuò)張、機(jī)械性壓迫,第二階段為腦組織繼發(fā)級(jí)聯(lián)損傷、細(xì)胞毒性腦水腫,盡快清除顱內(nèi)血腫,解除血腫對(duì)周圍腦組織的壓迫是治療HICH的基本理念[1314]。微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術(shù)是目前治療HICH較為廣泛的術(shù)式之一,但該術(shù)式仍無(wú)法完全避免HICH術(shù)后再出血。新的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,HICH是動(dòng)態(tài)的、復(fù)雜的且涉及不同時(shí)相的過(guò)程,且頭顱CT顯示,HICH患者血腫周邊的多個(gè)出血病灶合成了更大的血腫,血腫擴(kuò)大又與其形態(tài)不規(guī)則有關(guān)[15]。由此提出猜想,術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)是否與HICH患者血腫清除效果、術(shù)后再出血相關(guān)。
本研究通過(guò)比較血腫不同形態(tài)HICH患者術(shù)后血腫清除率發(fā)現(xiàn),規(guī)則組、不規(guī)則組術(shù)后1 d、3 d血腫清除率均高于術(shù)后即刻血腫清除率,且規(guī)則組術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后1 d、術(shù)后3 d血腫清除率均高于不規(guī)則組,說(shuō)明HICH患者行微創(chuàng)穿刺引流術(shù)時(shí),術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)對(duì)患者術(shù)后血腫殘余量、清除率存在影響,且術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)規(guī)則的術(shù)后血腫殘余少、清除率高。也有研究[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),血腫不規(guī)則HICH患者術(shù)后血腫殘余量大,出血后腦組織病理生理?yè)p害相對(duì)較大,且引流時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),術(shù)后需多次向血腫腔內(nèi)注射尿激酶等藥物,顱內(nèi)感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。上述觀點(diǎn)提示術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)規(guī)則者相較于不規(guī)則者更加適合微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療,針對(duì)術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)不規(guī)則者,是否可將不規(guī)則血腫劃分為多個(gè)小規(guī)則血腫,進(jìn)一步采取多靶點(diǎn)穿刺治療以達(dá)到盡快清除血腫的目的,可作為后續(xù)研究方向。此外,本研究結(jié)果顯示規(guī)則組術(shù)后3 d的mRS評(píng)分、NIHSS評(píng)分均低于不規(guī)則組,提示術(shù)前血腫規(guī)則的HICH患者術(shù)后狀態(tài)、神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)更快,分析原因可能在于形態(tài)不規(guī)則的血腫病灶局部張力較小,占位效應(yīng)范圍相對(duì)增加,此時(shí)腦組織間壓力呈梯度遞增,進(jìn)一步增加術(shù)中活動(dòng)性出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不利于術(shù)后恢復(fù)。后續(xù)可基于血腫形態(tài)比較不同術(shù)式在HICH患者中的應(yīng)用效果。
術(shù)后再出血是影響HICH患者治療效果、預(yù)后的重要因素,相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HICH患者術(shù)后顱內(nèi)再出血促使大量組織凝血酶進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),激活機(jī)體多種凝血途徑后誘發(fā)血栓形成,增加死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17]。本研究通過(guò)比較出血組、未出血組臨床資料發(fā)現(xiàn),兩組年齡≥60歲比例、術(shù)前血壓分級(jí)、發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)、術(shù)前血腫量、術(shù)后壓差>80 mmHg比例有明顯差異,逐一分析原因在于:(1)機(jī)體代謝功能、免疫功能隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而逐漸衰退,高齡患者手術(shù)耐受力相對(duì)較差,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高;(2)術(shù)前血壓分級(jí)越高意味著HICH患者舒張壓、收縮壓越高,顱內(nèi)壓升高后可能會(huì)擴(kuò)大血腫,增加術(shù)后再出血、血栓等不良事件發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn);(3)相關(guān)研究[18]表明,盡早清除血腫可最大程度保護(hù)腦組織,避免腦疝形成,同時(shí)可降低血液中凝血因子對(duì)血腫周圍腦組織的刺激,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)HICH患者術(shù)后恢復(fù),上述可能是發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間影響HICH術(shù)后再出血的原因;(4)相較于規(guī)則的血腫,不規(guī)則的血腫多部位出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高、對(duì)破裂血管的壓迫止血力較弱,術(shù)后原發(fā)血腫部位顱內(nèi)壓驟然降低后,周圍腦組織微小血管破裂的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,故術(shù)后再出血的概率增加;(5)術(shù)前血腫量越大,對(duì)HICH患者顱內(nèi)壓的影響越明顯,手術(shù)清除血腫時(shí)可能會(huì)使顱內(nèi)壓發(fā)生明顯梯度變化,機(jī)體無(wú)法耐受時(shí)將誘發(fā)術(shù)后再出血;(6)降壓也是HICH患者的治療目的之一,術(shù)后壓差過(guò)大極易誘發(fā)血壓不穩(wěn)定,血壓異常升高或降低將直接影響腦灌注,增加術(shù)后再出血、彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1920]。進(jìn)一步經(jīng)Logistic多因素回歸分析證實(shí),年齡≥60歲、重度血壓、發(fā)病至手術(shù)時(shí)間>6 h、不規(guī)則血腫、術(shù)前血腫量多、術(shù)后壓差>80 mmHg是影響HICH患者術(shù)后再出血的危險(xiǎn)因素,即與上述指標(biāo)與HICH患者術(shù)后再出血密切相關(guān)。
綜上所述,術(shù)前規(guī)則血腫的HICH患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血腫清除效果、神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)情況均優(yōu)于術(shù)前不規(guī)則血腫的HICH患者,且術(shù)前血腫形態(tài)與HICH患者術(shù)后再出血密切相關(guān)。
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