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        血清PCT、CXCL10、IFN-γ對ICU多重耐藥菌感染患者療效的預(yù)測價值

        2025-03-01 00:00:00李曉寧李妮
        天津醫(yī)藥 2025年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:降鈣素原

        摘要:目的 探究ICU多重耐藥菌(MDRO)感染患者降鈣素原(PCT)、C-X-C基序趨化因子配體10(CXCL10)和干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)變化及對抗生素治療效果的預(yù)測價值。方法 選取重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU)MDRO感染患者80例為觀察組,另擇同期ICU未感染患者40例為對照組。觀察組患者進(jìn)行病原菌鑒定和耐藥性試驗(yàn),并評估治療效果后分為有效組(58例)和無效組(22例)。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)測定對照組入組時、觀察組確診MDRO感染時及應(yīng)用抗生素治療1周后血清PCT、CXCL10和IFN-γ水平。多因素Logistic回歸分析ICU MDRO感染的影響因素。受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析血清PCT、CXCL10、IFN-γ治療前后差值對抗生素治療效果的預(yù)測價值。結(jié)果 觀察組靜脈置管時間≥14 d、留置導(dǎo)尿管時間≥14 d比例均高于對照組(P<0.05)。觀察組培養(yǎng)出肺炎克雷伯菌、鮑氏不動桿菌、銅綠假單胞菌、大腸埃希菌、金黃色葡萄球菌5種細(xì)菌。觀察組血清PCT、CXCL10水平高于對照組,IFN-γ水平低于對照組(P<0.05)。血清PCT、CXCL10水平升高、IFN-γ水平降低是ICU MDRO感染的危險因素(P<0.05)??股刂委?周后不同療效組患者血清PCT、CXCL10水平均較治療前降低,IFN-γ水平較治療前升高,且有效患者改善更明顯(P<0.05)。血清PCT、CXCL10、IFN-γ治療前后差值聯(lián)合對ICU MDRO感染患者抗生素治療效果的預(yù)測價值優(yōu)于各自單獨(dú)預(yù)測。結(jié)論 ICU MDRO感染患者血清PCT、CXCL10升高,IFN-γ水平降低,聯(lián)合三者治療前后差值對ICU MDRO感染患者抗生素療效有較好的預(yù)測價值。

        關(guān)鍵詞:降鈣素原;趨化因子CXCL10;干擾素γ;重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房;多重耐藥菌感染

        中圖分類號:R969.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A DOI:10.11958/20241944

        Abstract: Objective To investigate expression changes of procalcitonin (PCT), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with multidrug-resistant bacteria organism (MDRO) infection and their therapeutic guidance value." Methods A total of 80 patients with MDRO infection in ICU were selected as the observation group, and another 40 uninfected patients in ICU during the same period were selected as the control group. The patients in the observation group were divided into the effective group (58 cases) and the ineffective group (22 cases) after identification of pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine serum PCT, CXCL10 and IFN-γ levels at the time of the control group was enrolled, at the time of the observation group was diagnosed with MDRO infection and at the time after one week of antibiotic treatment. Multifactorial Logistic regression was used to analyse influencing factors of MDRO infection in ICU. Subject work characteristics (ROC) curves were analysed for the predictive value of the difference between serum PCT, CXCL10 and IFN-γ before and after treatment for the effect of antibiotic treatment. Results The proportion of intravenous catheter placement time≥14 d and indwelling urinary catheter time≥14 d in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Five types of bacteria were cultured in the observation group including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Serum PCT and CXCL10 levels were higher in the observation group than those in the control group, and IFN-γ levels were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Elevated serum PCT and CXCL10 levels and reduced IFN-γ levels were risk factors for MDRO infection in ICU (P<0.05). After 1 week of antibiotic treatment, serum PCT and CXCL10 levels were lower in patients in different efficacy groups than those before treatment. IFN-γ levels were higher than before treatment, and the improvement was more obvious in effective patients (P<0.05). The predictive value of the difference between serum PCT, CXCL10 and IFN-γ before and after treatment in combination for the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in patients with MDRO infection in ICU was better than that of each alone. Conclusion Serum PCT and CXCL10 are elevated and IFN-γ levels are reduced in patients with ICU MDRO infections, and the combined pre- and post-treatment difference between the three has a good predictive value for antibiotic therapy in patients with ICU MDRO infections.

        Key words: procalcitonin; chemokine CXCL10; interferon-gamma; intensive care units; multidrug-resistant bacteria organism infection

        多重耐藥細(xì)菌(MDRO)感染是全球性醫(yī)療問題,嚴(yán)重影響臨床病程和住院時間[1]。細(xì)菌性感染類型診斷主要需要細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)、核酸檢測或抗體檢測支持,過程費(fèi)時費(fèi)力,且不能及時反饋結(jié)果[2]??焖賲^(qū)分感染類型,指導(dǎo)臨床準(zhǔn)確用藥迫在眉睫。降鈣素原(procalcitonin,PCT)是急性期反應(yīng)蛋白,可根據(jù)炎性因子的水平而變化,被微生物毒素、白細(xì)胞介素-1和腫瘤壞死因子-α等激活。嚴(yán)重全身性細(xì)菌感染伴有血清PCT升高[3]。C-X-C基序趨化因子配體10(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10,CXCL10)是干擾素-γ(IFN-γ)誘導(dǎo)的趨化因子[4],可由T淋巴細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞等免疫細(xì)胞分泌。CXCL10通過CXCL10/CXCR3軸發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)免疫細(xì)胞活化與凋亡、抑制新生血管形成等作用[5]。IFN-γ是多效性Ⅱ型IFN,由CD4和CD8 T細(xì)胞分泌,是先天免疫系統(tǒng)中單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的有效激活劑,有助于殺滅病原體[6-7]。目前有關(guān)PCT、CXCL10、IFN-γ的研究多針對單一指標(biāo)或兩種聯(lián)合,而在ICU MDRO感染方面,三者聯(lián)合應(yīng)用的相關(guān)研究報道尚鮮見。因此,本研究探討重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU) MDRO感染患者血清PCT、CXCL10、IFN-γ水平對抗生素治療效果的預(yù)測價值,為臨床實(shí)踐提供參考。

        1 對象與方法

        1.1 研究對象 選擇2022年9月—2024年2月于我院接受治療的ICU MDRO感染患者80例為觀察組,另擇同期于本院接受治療的ICU未感染患者40例為對照組。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡>18歲;觀察組均參照《醫(yī)院感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(試行)》[8]診斷為肺部MDRO感染;于本院ICU接受呼吸機(jī)治療,入住ICU時間>48 h。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):人類免疫缺陷病毒或自身免疫性疾病患者;惡性腫瘤患者;嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全、精神障礙者;合并其他部位感染者。本研究獲得所有研究對象知情同意并簽署知情同意書,且經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(批準(zhǔn)號:20220916)。

        1.2 方法

        1.2.1 一般資料收集 通過本院病歷系統(tǒng)收集所有受試者的年齡、性別、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、入住ICU時間、呼吸機(jī)應(yīng)用時間、靜脈置管時間、留置導(dǎo)尿管時間、手術(shù)次數(shù)、低白蛋白血癥等一般資料。

        1.2.2 病原菌鑒定和耐藥性試驗(yàn) 觀察組均采集痰液標(biāo)本行病原學(xué)檢測及耐藥性試驗(yàn),挑取膿性部分組織接種于血瓊脂平板、巧克力瓊脂平板等多種培養(yǎng)基,將接種后的平板置于35~37 ℃的CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)18~24 h。觀察平板上細(xì)菌生長的菌落形態(tài)、大小、顏色、溶血情況等,通過生化試驗(yàn)確定細(xì)菌種類,同時進(jìn)行藥敏試驗(yàn)。

        1.2.3 肺部細(xì)菌治療療效標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 根據(jù)MDRO耐藥性選擇敏感性較高的抗生素對癥治療,持續(xù)治療2周后參照《中國成人醫(yī)院獲得性肺炎與呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎診斷和治療指南(2018年版)》[9]評估療效。有效:患者體溫正常、咳痰消失、肺部聽診呼吸音清晰、濕啰音消失,肺部陰影面積明顯縮??;無效:臨床癥狀及體征無變化,甚至加重,肺部陰影面積無減少或增加。重新評估病情與診斷,調(diào)整抗菌藥物治療方案。80例觀察組患者分為有效組(58例)和無效組(22例)。

        1.2.4 酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)檢測血清PCT、CXCL10和IFN-γ水平 對照組于入組時、觀察組于確診MDRO感染時及應(yīng)用抗生素治療1周后,分別采集5 mL靜脈血,3 500 r/min離心30 min,收集血清,分裝后保存在-80 ℃冰箱。采用ELISA測定血清PCT、CXCL10和IFN-γ水平,試劑盒購自華美生物,嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒操作說明書進(jìn)行測定。

        1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 25.0軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)。計(jì)量資料以[[x] ±s

        ]表示,2組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)治療前后比較采用配對t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用多因素Logistic回歸分析ICU MDRO感染的影響因素;MedCalc軟件繪制受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析血清PCT、CXCL10、IFN-γ水平變化差值對患者抗生素治療效果的預(yù)測價值,曲線下面積(AUC)比較采用Delong檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

        2 結(jié)果

        2.1 2組一般資料比較 2組年齡、性別、BMI、入住ICU時間、呼吸機(jī)應(yīng)用時間、手術(shù)次數(shù)和低白蛋白血癥比例差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組靜脈置管時間≥14 d、留置導(dǎo)尿管時間≥14 d比例均高于對照組(P<0.05),見表1。

        3 討論

        研究表明,MDRO主要是惰性微生物,可致免疫功能低下的危重癥患者感染,ICU長期住院患者M(jìn)DRO感染的病死率較高[10]。PCT可以幫助區(qū)分細(xì)菌與非細(xì)菌感染及判斷炎癥狀態(tài),減少呼吸道感染和膿毒癥患者的抗生素暴露和相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)[11]。有研究表明,患者細(xì)菌感染期間PCT顯著升高,這可能與細(xì)菌感染過程中PCT在細(xì)胞因子的作用下未能分解成降鈣素有關(guān),導(dǎo)致血液中PCT水平升高[12]。李琴等[13]研究顯示細(xì)菌感染組患兒血清PCT陽性率高于非細(xì)菌組。Ma等[14]研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn),與健康組和病毒性肺炎組患者相比,細(xì)菌性肺炎患者的血清PCT水平更高。另有研究表明,PCT水平與慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并肺炎的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)[15]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,ICU MDRO感染患者血清PCT水平明顯高于對照組,抗生素治療1周后不同療效患者血清PCT水平均較治療前降低,且有效組顯著低于無效組。另外,多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示PCT水平升高是ICU患者M(jìn)DRO感染的危險因素,提示PCT可能與ICU患者M(jìn)DRO感染的發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)。

        CXCL10屬于ELR(-)CXC亞家族趨化因子,通過與趨化因子(C-X-C基序)受體3(CXCR3)結(jié)合來發(fā)揮功能[16]。CXCL10由巨噬細(xì)胞分泌,并可激活和吸引巨噬細(xì)胞進(jìn)入組織,因此在控制炎癥反應(yīng)、維持組織及基質(zhì)穩(wěn)態(tài)方面具有重要作用。相反,中和CXCL10或阻斷CXCR3會減少免疫細(xì)胞的募集,從而減輕炎癥性肺和血管周圍反應(yīng)[17]。Huang等[18]研究顯示,在ICU收治的新型冠狀病毒感染患者中觀察到促炎狀態(tài),血漿CXCL10水平升高。本研究結(jié)果顯示,ICU MDRO感染患者血清CXCL10水平明顯高于對照組,且是ICU患者M(jìn)DRO感染的影響因素,但其血清水平在抗生素治療1周后明顯降低,且有效組低于無效組,提示血清CXCL10水平變化可用于評估ICU患者病情進(jìn)展和治療效果,有助于更有效地監(jiān)控和管理感染。

        作為細(xì)胞免疫的關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動者,IFN-γ能夠協(xié)調(diào)多種保護(hù)功能,以增強(qiáng)對抗感染和癌癥的免疫反應(yīng)。IFN-γ通過增強(qiáng)抗原加工和呈遞、增加白細(xì)胞運(yùn)輸、誘導(dǎo)抗病毒狀態(tài)、增強(qiáng)抗微生物功能以及調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡來發(fā)揮免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用[19]。Zhang等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CD8 T細(xì)胞反應(yīng)和IFN-γ分泌的增加與肺泡上皮Ⅱ型祖細(xì)胞活性的提升相一致,可影響細(xì)菌性肺炎小鼠肺泡上皮的修復(fù)和再生過程。本研究結(jié)果顯示,ICU MDRO感染患者血清IFN-γ水平明顯低于對照組,且IFN-γ水平升高是ICU患者M(jìn)DRO感染的保護(hù)因素,血清IFN-γ在抗生素治療后明顯升高,且有效組高于無效組。提示在臨床監(jiān)測中,若發(fā)現(xiàn)患者血清IFN-γ水平異常降低,可提早實(shí)施干預(yù)。此外,本研究采用ROC曲線分析血清PCT、CXCL10、" IFN-γ治療前后差值對抗生素治療效果的預(yù)測價值,結(jié)果顯示三者聯(lián)合的預(yù)測效能更高,可通過這三項(xiàng)指標(biāo)水平變化指導(dǎo)ICU患者M(jìn)DRO感染的治療。

        綜上所述,ICU MDRO感染患者血清PCT、CXCL10水平升高,IFN-γ水平降低,三者對抗生素治療有較好的指導(dǎo)價值。

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        (2024-11-26收稿 2024-12-20修回)

        (本文編輯 陳麗潔)

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