[摘要] 目的 評估肺靜脈解剖變異對持續(xù)性心房顫動(dòng)(簡稱房顫)患者冷凍消融療效的影響。方法 回顧性分析98例接受冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融的持續(xù)性房顫患者的臨床資料,按是否存在肺靜脈變異將患者分為肺靜脈變異組(21例)及非肺靜脈變異組(77例)。比較兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、放射暴露時(shí)長及劑量、術(shù)中并發(fā)癥、手術(shù)成功隔離率以及各項(xiàng)隨訪指標(biāo)。結(jié)果 與非靜脈變異組相比,肺靜脈變異組消融手術(shù)時(shí)間[(35.1±13.4) min vs. (64.3±17.7) min]和放射暴露時(shí)長[(22.3±5.8) min vs. (33.6±6.0) min]均明顯延長(P均lt;0.01),放射暴露CD值[(607.1±212.9) mGy vs. (1 018.5±280.8) mGy]顯著增加(Plt;0.01)。非靜脈變異組一次隔離成功率明顯高于靜脈變異組(75/77 vs. 16/21, P=0.01),但兩組手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)肺靜脈隔離均100%完成。隨訪一年時(shí)兩組復(fù)發(fā)率間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(19/77 vs. 6/21,P=0.726)。結(jié)論 對于肺靜脈變異的持續(xù)性房顫患者,冷凍消融治療的急性期及長期成功率與非肺靜脈變異患者相似。但肺靜脈變異患者手術(shù)時(shí)間延長,且放射暴露增加。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 心房顫動(dòng);冷凍消融;肺靜脈變異;放射暴露
[中圖分類號] R541.71
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號] 2095-9354(2024)02-0109-05
DOI:10.13308/j.issn.2095-9354.2024.02.001
[引用格式] 鄭杰,劉曉宇,尤華彥,等.肺靜脈解剖變異對持續(xù)性心房顫動(dòng)患者冷凍消融療效的影響[J]. 實(shí)用心電學(xué)雜志, 2024, 33(2): 109-113.
Influence of pulmonary vein anatomical variations on cryoablation efficacy in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation ZHENG Jie, LIU Xiaoyu, YOU Huayan, LI Kulin, ZHAO Xiaoxi, WANG Ruxing (Department of Cardiology, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214023, China)
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the impact of pulmonary vein anatomical variations on the efficacy of cryoablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Method
A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 98 patients with persistent atrial fibrillation who had undergone cryoballoon ablation. According to the presence or absence of pulmonary vein variations, they were divided into pulmonary vein variation group (variants group, 21 cases) and non-pulmonary vein variation group (normal group, 77 cases). The procedure time, duration and dose of X-ray exposure, intraoperative complications, procedure success rate of isolation, and each follow-up index were compared between the two groups. Results Compared with the normal group, the ablation procedure time [(35.1±13.4) min vs. (64.3±17.7) min] and X-ray exposure time [(22.3±5.8) min vs. (33.6±6.0) min] of the variants group were both longer (Plt;0.01) while the CD value of radiation exposure [(607.1±212.9) mGy vs. (1 018.5±280.8) mGy] significantly increased (Plt;0.01). In the normal group, the success rate of primary isolation was significantly higher than that in the variants group (75/77 vs. 16/21, P=0.01). However, both groups completed pulmonary vein isolation 100% at the end of procedure. The recurrence rate of the two groups did not vary significantly during one-year follow-up (19/77 vs. 6/21, P=0.726). Conclusion For patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and pulmonary vein variations, the acute- stage and long-term success rates of cryoablation are similar to the rates in the patients without pulmonary vein variation. However, patients with pulmonary vein variations have prolonged procedure time and increased radiation exposure.
[Key words] atrial fibrillation; cryoballoon ablation; pulmonary vein variation; radiation exposure
肺靜脈隔離術(shù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于心房顫動(dòng)(簡稱房顫)的治療,手術(shù)安全并且有效[1-2]。然而持續(xù)性房顫的消融面臨眾多挑戰(zhàn)與困境,可能有40%的患者在單次消融手術(shù)后出現(xiàn)房性心律失常復(fù)發(fā)的結(jié)果[3]。冷凍球囊導(dǎo)管消融(cryoballoon ablation, CBA)術(shù)是繼射頻導(dǎo)管消融之后的隔離肺靜脈治療房顫的新技術(shù),具有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn),比如在心肌局部造成的損傷邊界相對清晰,組織壞死均勻,對血管損傷小、創(chuàng)面血栓形成的概率低、操作過程簡單等。然而,由于隔離部位位于肺靜脈與左心房交界的肺靜脈前庭附近[4],肺靜脈解剖變異的存在可能增加肺靜脈隔離手術(shù)難度;盡管解剖變異對肺靜脈隔離策略沒有直接影響,但這類患者隔離肺靜脈的效果仍存在爭議[5]。尤其是在冷凍球囊消融中,固定的球囊尺寸和導(dǎo)管可操作性較低,可能會(huì)影響變異的肺靜脈前庭區(qū)域的貼靠接觸[6-8]。本研究針對持續(xù)性房顫的冷凍球囊消融治療,比較了肺靜脈變異存在與否對患者消融術(shù)后中期結(jié)果的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究人群
回顧性分析2020年1月至2022年11月在南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬無錫人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科行房顫射頻消融術(shù)的持續(xù)性房顫患者資料,排除年齡<18歲或>75歲、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)lt;35%、既往有心肌梗死病史、肥厚型心肌病、合并阻塞性或彌散性肺功能障礙、心功能Ⅲ和Ⅳ級以及先天性心臟病患者后,共有98例行CBA的持續(xù)性房顫患者納入本研究。本研究遵循的程序符合《赫爾辛基宣言》的原則,所有患者在手術(shù)前簽署知情同意書。術(shù)前對每位患者進(jìn)行血常規(guī)、肝腎功能、凝血指數(shù)、心電圖和超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查。術(shù)前患者停用口服抗凝藥并進(jìn)行低分子量肝素橋接,所有患者行食管超聲檢查以明確是否存在心房血栓。
1.2 電生理檢查
常規(guī)穿刺左側(cè)股靜脈,植入冠狀竇電極和右心室心尖電極(美國美敦力公司),穿刺右側(cè)股靜脈,置入長鞘并送入房間隔穿刺針,行房間隔穿刺成功后按患者體重,靜脈注射肝素50~100 IU/kg,根據(jù)測定的活化凝血時(shí)間值(維持在200~300 s)調(diào)整肝素用量,之后行左心房及肺靜脈造影,觀察是否存在肺靜脈變異。
1.3 CBA流程
將長鞘更換為Flex可調(diào)彎鞘管(美國圣猶達(dá)公司),將Achieve環(huán)肺標(biāo)測電極和二代球囊(直徑28 mm, 美國圣猶達(dá)公司)送入左心房。在影像下調(diào)整球囊與肺靜脈開口相對位置,應(yīng)用單根肺靜脈造影驗(yàn)證目標(biāo)肺靜脈口完全封堵,應(yīng)用近端封堵技術(shù)使球囊更靠近肺靜脈前庭位置后予冷凍消融。常規(guī)冷凍順序?yàn)樽笊戏戊o脈、左下肺靜脈、右上肺靜脈、右下肺靜脈,每根肺靜脈有效冷凍2次,第一次180 s,第二次120 s,溫度控制在-55~-35 ℃。如有中肺靜脈也予以冷凍消融,如遇共干或某支肺靜脈開口較大,則予以分段冷凍消融。右肺靜脈冷凍時(shí),起搏下監(jiān)測膈神經(jīng)是否受損。肺靜脈隔離后在造影指導(dǎo)下行左心房頂部線性冷凍消融。完成肺靜脈電隔離后觀察20 min,應(yīng)用Achieve電極逐個(gè)檢查肺靜脈,驗(yàn)證肺靜脈電位是否恢復(fù),如有恢復(fù)則再次進(jìn)行冷凍,直至完成肺靜脈電隔離,隔離標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為全部肺靜脈電位與心房電位脫離或消失。
1.4 術(shù)后隨訪
術(shù)后心電監(jiān)測24 h。所有患者分別在術(shù)后1周、1個(gè)月、3個(gè)月和6個(gè)月在我院心律失常門診復(fù)診,進(jìn)行心電圖等檢查,之后通過電話或門診進(jìn)行隨訪。
1.5 并發(fā)癥
嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥包括急性心肌梗死、腦卒中、大出血、嚴(yán)重的肺靜脈狹窄、心臟壓塞、左心房食管瘺以及不能恢復(fù)的膈神經(jīng)損傷。一般并發(fā)癥包括穿刺部位血腫、心包炎、皮下出血以及一過性膈神經(jīng)麻痹。
1.6 記錄與手術(shù)相關(guān)的參數(shù)
收集圍手術(shù)期記錄的患者參數(shù),根據(jù)是否存在肺靜脈變異(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)肺靜脈解剖為兩側(cè)各為兩根肺靜脈,肺靜脈變異包括共干變異和額外肺靜脈變異[7])將患者分為兩組:肺靜脈變異組和非肺靜脈變異組。數(shù)字減影血管造影機(jī)自動(dòng)記錄在線隨機(jī)的參考點(diǎn)累積皮膚表面入射劑量(CD)和患者暴露在射線下的時(shí)長。記錄手術(shù)時(shí)間(從首次成功穿刺到從患者身體拔出鞘管之間的時(shí)長)、一次隔離成功(不需在同次手術(shù)補(bǔ)充消融)率、急性期成功率(術(shù)中完成肺靜脈隔離率)和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。術(shù)后前3個(gè)月為空白期,3個(gè)月后至隨訪結(jié)束有心電圖或Holter檢查明確房顫發(fā)作證據(jù)者為房顫復(fù)發(fā),否則為維持竇性心律;術(shù)后當(dāng)日至術(shù)后第3個(gè)月有房顫發(fā)作,但之后無房顫發(fā)作也定義為維持竇性心律。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。連續(xù)變量以±s表示,分類變量用n(%)表示。符合正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)變量應(yīng)用t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行兩組間的比較,不符合正態(tài)分布的變量應(yīng)用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)(Mann-Whitney)。率的比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)?;颊叩膹?fù)發(fā)率應(yīng)用log-rank檢驗(yàn)Kaplan-Meier生存函數(shù)進(jìn)行分析。以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者一般情況對比
兩組患者性別比例、年齡、身高、BMI、房顫病程、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)、基礎(chǔ)疾病比例、藥物治療病例比例間的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者消融術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)對比
與非肺靜脈變異組比較,肺靜脈變異組消融手術(shù)時(shí)間和患者射線暴露時(shí)長均明顯延長,放射暴露的CD值顯著增加(P均lt;0.01);非肺靜脈變異組一次隔離成功率較高(P=0.01),但兩組患者手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)肺靜脈隔離均100%完成。兩組均無嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,一般并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率間的差異亦無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者隨訪結(jié)果對比
隨訪一年時(shí),兩組復(fù)發(fā)率間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.726)。見表3。
3 討論
目前針對射頻消融的各項(xiàng)臨床研究,肺靜脈變異對射頻消融術(shù)后成功率的影響結(jié)果差異明顯。有些研究顯示左側(cè)共干肺靜脈變異的存在可提高手術(shù)成功率[5,9-13];有些研究提示肺靜脈變異對預(yù)后無影響[7,14-15];有些研究顯示解剖變異的存在往往提示電解剖異常,導(dǎo)致射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率上升[16-18]。在有關(guān)CBA的臨床研究中,與射頻消融相關(guān)研究不一致的是,沒有研究報(bào)告提示肺靜脈變異患者冷凍消融后預(yù)后比非肺靜脈變異患者更好。部分研究提示存在肺靜脈變異對CBA術(shù)后預(yù)后無影響[19-22],部分研究結(jié)果提示肺靜脈變異會(huì)使CBA術(shù)后房顫的復(fù)發(fā)率升高[8,23-25]。上述研究選擇的患者異質(zhì)性較大(包括陣發(fā)或非陣發(fā)性房顫類型、左心房大小、導(dǎo)管類型等)。
目前鮮見冷凍消融對肺靜脈變異和非肺靜脈變異的持續(xù)性房顫患者療效的對比研究。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),肺靜脈變異增加了消融術(shù)操作的難度。這主要表現(xiàn)在肺靜脈變異患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間更長,患者放射暴露時(shí)間更長、劑量更大。在手術(shù)中,一次性隔離所有肺靜脈的患者比例較低,在20 min觀察時(shí)間后不少患者肺靜脈電位再次出現(xiàn),需要重復(fù)冷凍步驟以達(dá)到隔離效果。這些結(jié)果與既往部分研究結(jié)果一致,提示肺靜脈變異增加了CBA術(shù)的操作難度[26]。畢竟,球囊適應(yīng)肺靜脈口的機(jī)動(dòng)性較低,盡管新一代球囊具有相對高效的冷卻性能、更穩(wěn)定的表面接觸、均勻同步的降溫效果,這些優(yōu)勢可能會(huì)彌補(bǔ)冷凍球囊僅有固定尺寸的缺點(diǎn)[6],但如果存在解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的變異,仍然需要術(shù)者多次調(diào)試球囊位置、增加冷凍次數(shù)、增加X線暴露時(shí)長來達(dá)到最佳的肺靜脈隔離效果[25]。
本研究所有患者在術(shù)中均完成了肺靜脈隔離,且兩組患者隨訪一年左右時(shí)復(fù)發(fā)率間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。這個(gè)結(jié)果提示,消融成功的關(guān)鍵仍是肺靜脈隔離操作本身。本研究沒有在術(shù)前應(yīng)用CT或MRI等影像學(xué)檢查評估肺靜脈具體變異形式,僅在術(shù)中應(yīng)用造影檢查明確肺靜脈大體解剖狀態(tài)。這樣更貼近日常工作場景,因?yàn)樾g(shù)前進(jìn)行CT或MRI等檢查意味著更長的住院時(shí)間及更高的檢查費(fèi)用。
本研究尚有一些不足之處。第一,本研究屬于回顧性分析;第二,肺靜脈變異患者樣本量較少;第三,未能與射頻消融術(shù)進(jìn)行對比。
綜上,CBA術(shù)治療持續(xù)性房顫安全有效。對于肺靜脈變異的持續(xù)性房顫患者,冷凍消融治療的急性期及長期成功率與非肺靜脈變異患者間的差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但肺靜脈變異患者手術(shù)時(shí)間更長,放射暴露增加。
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(收稿日期: 2024-01-15)
(本文編輯: 陳海林)
基金項(xiàng)目: 國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(82000317,82370342);無錫市雙百中青年醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生拔尖人才資助項(xiàng)目(BJ2023006)
作者單位: 214023 江蘇 無錫,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬無錫人民醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科
作者簡介: 鄭杰,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事心臟起搏與心臟電生理臨床研究。
通信作者: 王如興,E-mail: ruxingw@aliyun.com