摘要:目的" 探討系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù)(SII)與慢性腎臟病(CKD)患者預(yù)后的相關(guān)性。方法" 回顧性分析2017年1月-2019年1月安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬巢湖醫(yī)院腎臟內(nèi)科收治的174例CKD患者的臨床資料,計算SII數(shù)值。根據(jù)SII水平將患者分為低SII組(SII≤450.68)和高SII組(SII>450.68),比較兩組臨床資料,并通過Kaplan-Meier生存曲線分析兩組中位腎臟生存時間,采用單因素和多因素Cox回歸模型分析CKD患者預(yù)后的影響因素。結(jié)果" 高SII組的CKD4期和5期比例、WBC、Plt、24 h尿蛋白定量、Scr、BUN、CycC及PA高于低SII組,而Alb低于低SII組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存曲線分析顯示,高SII組中位腎臟生存期短于低SII組(25.83個月vs. 67.61個月,P<0.05)。單因素分析顯示,CKD分期、高血壓、糖尿病、貧血、24 h尿蛋白定量、UA、TG、SII均是CKD患者預(yù)后的影響因素(P<0.05)。多因素分析顯示,CKD分期、貧血、24 h尿蛋白定量、UA、SII均是影響CKD患者預(yù)后的獨立危險因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論" SII與CKD患者預(yù)后有一定的相關(guān)性,高水平SII可能提示CKD患者預(yù)后不良。
關(guān)鍵詞:系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù);慢性腎臟病;預(yù)后
中圖分類號:R473" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "文獻標(biāo)識碼:A" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.05.026
文章編號:1006-1959(2024)05-0143-06
Correlation Between Systemic Immune Inflammatory Index and Prognosis of Patients
with Chronic Kidney Disease
CHEN Fang-yuan,LIU Yong-mei
(Department of Nephrology,Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University,Hefei 238000,Anhui,China)
Abstract:Objective" To investigate the correlation between systemic immune inflammation index (SII) and prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods" The clinical data of 174 patients with CKD admitted to the Department of Nephrology, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2017 to January 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, and the SII value was calculated. According to the level of SII, the patients were divided into low SII group (SII≤450.68) and high SII group (SIIgt;450.68), and the clinical data of the two groups were compared. The median renal survival time of the two groups was compared by Kaplan-Meier survival curve. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to analyze the prognostic factors of patients with CKD.Results" The proportion of CKD stage 4 and 5, WBC, Plt, 24-hour urinary protein quantity, Scr, BUN, CycC and PA in the high SII group were higher than those in the low SII group, while Alb was lower than that in the low SII group, and the differences were statistically significant (Plt;0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the median renal survival in the high SII group was shorter than that in the low SII group (25.83 months vs. 67.61 months, Plt;0.05). Univariate analysis showed that CKD stage, hypertension, diabetes, anemia, 24-hour urinary protein quantity, UA, TG, and SII were all influencing factors for the prognosis of CKD patients (Plt;0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that CKD stage, anemia, 24-hour urinary protein quantity, UA and SII were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of CKD patients (Plt;0.05).Conclusion" There is a certain correlation between SII and the prognosis of patients with CKD. High level of SII may indicate poor prognosis of patients with CKD.
Key words:Systemic immune inflammation index;Chronic kidney disease;Prognosis
慢性腎臟?。╟hronic kidney disease,CKD)是影響腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的異質(zhì)性疾病的總稱,是一種進行性疾病,影響全球超過10%的普通人群,已成為一個全球性的公共健康問題[1,2]。目前普遍認(rèn)為,慢性炎癥在多種病因的CKD進展中起重要作用,是導(dǎo)致腎臟纖維化和終末期腎?。╡nd-stage kidney disease,ESKD)的原因之一[3,4]。研究表明[5],與健康人群相比,腎功能不全患者會出現(xiàn)明顯的免疫失調(diào),CKD患者存在先天性和獲得性免疫系統(tǒng)受損,這種獲得性免疫缺陷對發(fā)病率和死亡率有重要影響。因此,及時有效的判斷CKD患者炎癥程度及免疫水平,對臨床治療有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。系統(tǒng)免疫炎癥指數(shù)(systemic immune inflammation index,SII)是一個新型且穩(wěn)定的綜合性炎癥指標(biāo),通過血小板計數(shù)×中性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)/淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)計算得出,可以反映人體的局部免疫反應(yīng)和全身炎癥狀態(tài)[6-9]。近年來SII在預(yù)測其他惡性腫瘤及慢性疾病的預(yù)后方面也卓有成效[10-13]。然而,目前關(guān)于SII與CKD患者預(yù)后關(guān)系的研究報道較少,基于此,本研究擬探討SII對CKD患者預(yù)后的預(yù)測價值,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料" 選取2017年1月-2019年1月于安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬巢湖醫(yī)院腎臟內(nèi)科住院的CKD 1~5期非透析患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥18歲;②符合2012年腎臟病預(yù)后質(zhì)量倡議(KDOQI)關(guān)于CKD的診斷和分期定義的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14];③臨床資料完整且在我院規(guī)律隨訪。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①已行腎臟替代治療(血液透析、腹膜透析或腎移植);②嚴(yán)重的肝功能障礙;③惡性腫瘤;④嚴(yán)重的心腦血管病史,如心肌梗死、腦梗死等;⑤急性感染或其他影響血細(xì)胞計數(shù)的疾??;⑥近期使用免疫抑制藥物。本研究獲得安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬巢湖醫(yī)院倫理委員會的批準(zhǔn)(審批號:KYXM-202304-005),患者意識清楚,自愿參加本中心臨床研究并簽署知情同意書。
1.2方法" 收集患者臨床資料,包括性別、年齡、體重指數(shù)(BMI)、平均動脈壓(1/3收縮壓+2/3舒張壓)、合并癥(高血壓、糖尿病)、CKD分期、CKD原發(fā)病。采用SYSMEXXN-2800全自動血液分析儀測定:紅細(xì)胞(RBC)、血紅蛋白(Hb)、白細(xì)胞(WBC)、血小板(Plt);采用美國貝克曼全自動生化分析儀測定:24 h尿蛋白定量、尿酸(UA)、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、胱抑素C(CycC)、血清白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(PA)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、甘油三脂(TG)和總膽固醇(TC),并計算SII(SII=血小板計數(shù)×中性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)/淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)[8])。男性Hb<130 g/L或女性Hb<120 g/L定義為貧血[15]。男性UA>420 μmol/L或女性UA>360 μmol/L定義為高尿酸血癥[16]。TG≥1.7 mmol/L或TC≥5.2 mmol/L或LDL≥3.12 mmol/L定義為高脂血癥[17]。終點事件定義為肌酐翻倍、eGFR下降50%、接受腎臟替代治療或因腎臟或心血管事件原因死亡,采用電話及復(fù)診的方式進行隨訪。隨訪截止時間為2023年1月1日。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法" 應(yīng)用SPSS 26.0軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計和分析。計數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用?字2檢驗。符合正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)變量用(x±s)表示,采用獨立樣本t檢驗;非正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)變量用[M(Q1~Q3)]表示,采用非參數(shù)Mann-Whitney U檢驗。采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線確定SII的最佳截斷值。應(yīng)用Kaplan-Meier生存曲線確定患者預(yù)后與隨訪時間的關(guān)系,并用Log-Rank檢驗比較兩組生存時間。采用單因素和多因素Cox回歸模型分析SII與CKD患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 SII最佳截斷值" 以CKD患者預(yù)后結(jié)局為因變量,SII為自變量,繪制SII的ROC曲線(圖1),ROC曲線下面積為0.704(95%CI:0.626~0.782),約登指數(shù)為0.368,對應(yīng)的最佳截斷值為450.68。根據(jù)該截斷值將174例患者分為兩組,其中低SII組(SII≤450.68)93例,高SII組(SII>450.68)81例。
2.2高SII組和低SII組臨床資料比較" 高SII組的CKD4期和5期比例、WBC、Plt、24 h尿蛋白定量、Scr、BUN、CycC及PA高于低SII組,而Alb低于低SII組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.3高SII組和低SII組生存時間比較" Kaplan-Meier生存曲線顯示,患者中位隨訪時間47.71(15.74~60.19)個月。低SII組中有39例患者(41.94%)達到隨訪終點,而高SII組中有63例患者(77.78%)達到隨訪終點。Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示,高SII組中位腎臟生存期短于低SII組(25.83個月vs. 67.61個月,P<0.05),見圖2。
2.4影響患者預(yù)后的單因素和多因素Cox回歸分析" 單因素分析顯示,CKD分期、高血壓、糖尿病、貧血、24 h尿蛋白定量、UA、TG、SII均是CKD患者預(yù)后的影響因素(P<0.05)。將單因素分析中有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的因素納入多因素Cox回歸模型,結(jié)果顯示CKD分期、貧血、24 h尿蛋白定量、UA、SII均是影響CKD患者預(yù)后的獨立危險因素(P<0.05),見表2。
3討論
CKD是日益嚴(yán)重的世界公共衛(wèi)生問題之一,其發(fā)病率和死亡率呈逐年上升趨勢,嚴(yán)重威脅人類的健康[18]。CKD患者由于腎小球濾過率下降,對機體循環(huán)中的促炎細(xì)胞因子清除減少,使其在體內(nèi)蓄積,進而引起系膜細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、腎小管上皮細(xì)胞和足細(xì)胞等的激活,這些細(xì)胞的活化則又導(dǎo)致促炎細(xì)胞因子的擴增,使得CKD患者機體呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)的慢性炎癥狀態(tài)[19,20]。這種炎癥狀態(tài)受多種因素影響,目前認(rèn)為與促炎細(xì)胞因子分泌增加、酸中毒、氧化應(yīng)激、反復(fù)感染等相關(guān)[21]。慢性炎癥可導(dǎo)致腎臟的纖維化,影響腎小球濾過率[22]。研究表明[23],CKD患者的腎小球濾過率嚴(yán)重降低會增加其發(fā)生腎衰竭、心血管疾病和死亡的風(fēng)險。因此,慢性炎癥狀態(tài)與CKD患者疾病進展和預(yù)后有關(guān)。慢性炎癥狀態(tài)沒有明顯的臨床癥狀及明確的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),主要依靠血漿中炎癥標(biāo)志物的檢測來評估其程度。傳統(tǒng)炎癥標(biāo)志物包括C反應(yīng)蛋白(C reactive protein,CRP)、腫瘤壞死因子-(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)等[24]。這些炎癥標(biāo)志物可以從一定程度上反映CKD的預(yù)后,然而CRP傳統(tǒng)檢測方法缺乏充足的敏感性,難以測定出血液中含量更低的CRP,且易受到其他因素的干擾,目前在CKD慢性炎癥狀態(tài)下尚無IL-6及TNF-α定量檢測,也沒有明確的量化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[24,25]。故CRP、IL-6及TNF-α并不是預(yù)測CKD患者預(yù)后的理想標(biāo)志物。
雖然目前關(guān)于SII作為CKD預(yù)后標(biāo)志物的研究報道較少,但許多研究表明SII與CKD的并發(fā)癥、死亡率等相關(guān)。Guo W等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),較高的SII水平與2型糖尿病患者的糖尿病腎病相關(guān)。Ozdemir A等[26]研究顯示,SII能夠區(qū)分生存更差的新型冠狀病毒感染的CKD患者,可能有助于早期識別和及時管理生存較差的CKD患者。Shi S等[27]研究表明,SII升高與CKD合并急性冠狀動脈綜合征患者的不良心血管事件有關(guān),SII可能是CKD合并急性冠狀動脈綜合征患者預(yù)后不良的重要預(yù)測指標(biāo)。Lai W等[28]研究提示,SII升高是CKD患者全因死亡、心血管死亡和癌癥死亡的獨立危險因素。Qin Z等[29]研究顯示,SII與尿白蛋白排泄呈正相關(guān),而尿白蛋白排泄增加已被證明是CKD進展和心血管風(fēng)險的獨立預(yù)測因子。以上研究均表明SII可能成為CKD患者更實用、更敏感、更經(jīng)濟的預(yù)后標(biāo)志物。
本研究對174例CKD患者的臨床資料展開分析,結(jié)果顯示高SII組的CKD4期和5期比例、24 h尿蛋白定量、Scr、BUN、CycC高于低SII組,表明高SII與腎功能進展相關(guān);Kaplan-Meier生存分析及多因素Cox回歸模型分析發(fā)現(xiàn),高SII組中位腎臟生存期短于低SII組,CKD分期、貧血、24 h尿蛋白定量、UA、SII均是影響CKD患者預(yù)后的獨立危險因素,表明SII與CKD患者預(yù)后有一定的相關(guān)性,SII越高,提示CKD患者預(yù)后越差。較高水平的SII表示中性粒細(xì)胞及血小板相對增加,淋巴細(xì)胞相對減少[30]。中性粒細(xì)胞是一種炎癥細(xì)胞,可以釋放促炎細(xì)胞因子,促炎細(xì)胞因子會引起血管內(nèi)皮障礙,導(dǎo)致腎組織損傷。此外,促炎細(xì)胞因子還會刺激巨核細(xì)胞增多,進而使得血小板數(shù)量增多,血小板及其活化產(chǎn)物又參與了機體炎癥反應(yīng)[31,32]。淋巴細(xì)胞是重要免疫細(xì)胞,炎癥可以增加淋巴細(xì)胞的凋亡,導(dǎo)致免疫失調(diào),另外淋巴細(xì)胞水平減低也提示機體營養(yǎng)水平的下降,進而增加感染的風(fēng)險[33]。因此,推測高SII通過促炎、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞因子釋放和內(nèi)皮障礙等機制影響CKD患者的疾病進展。
綜上所述,SII對CKD患者預(yù)后具有較高的預(yù)測價值。然而,本研究也存在一定的局限性:第一,僅收集了SII的基線數(shù)據(jù),未進行SII的動態(tài)變化監(jiān)測,其動態(tài)變化對CKD患者預(yù)后的影響需進一步研究證實;第二,本研究是單中心回顧性研究,需要多中心前瞻性研究進一步證實研究結(jié)論。
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收稿日期:2023-05-05;修回日期:2023-05-23
編輯/杜帆