摘 要:掌握了閱讀文本的文體特征,就可以從宏觀上把握文章,而詞法與句法屬于微觀層面。因此,筆者認(rèn)為各類文體的特征是學(xué)生必須掌握的知識之一。許多閱讀材料都具有較明顯的文體特征,只有掌握各類文體的基礎(chǔ)知識,閱讀學(xué)習(xí)才有方向和方法。
關(guān)鍵詞:文體特征;記敘文六要素;說明文;議論文
作者簡介:陳麗煌,泉州師范學(xué)院附屬鵬峰中學(xué)。
在2017年以前,福建省的中考是各地市設(shè)計(jì)出題,難易程度參差不齊,分?jǐn)?shù)高低也不均。有些英語題目相對比較簡單,因此學(xué)生往往“揣著”較高分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)入高中學(xué)習(xí)。但是,許多教授高一新生的教師總是有很多疑惑,如為何中考英語130多分的學(xué)生,高中英語考試卻會不及格。這個(gè)奇怪的現(xiàn)象從試卷的試題難易程度著手分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)了原因。高中階段的英語教師查閱中考卷后發(fā)現(xiàn):學(xué)生只要認(rèn)真扎實(shí)地讀讀背背,成績就基本不差。但是隨著省考的深入,福建省的英語難度一再增加,體現(xiàn)在細(xì)節(jié)題比例變少、主旨大意題增多。具體實(shí)例分析如下圖。
綜上,學(xué)生常在主旨大意題、推理判斷題上失分。在小學(xué)語文學(xué)科教學(xué)的啟迪下,筆者引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過分析文本結(jié)構(gòu)解題,效果顯著。
中考常考的文體有應(yīng)用文、記敘文、說明文、議論文。應(yīng)用文可以采用平常上課的閱讀技巧,如用細(xì)節(jié)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、指代題等來解題。福建中考記敘文、說明文較多,本文主要講解,而議論文較簡單,本文略講。筆者首先分析記敘文。
一、記敘文
(一)什么是記敘文
中英文體是一致的。記敘文是一種記載和敘述事件由來,描繪事物和人物情景狀態(tài)、過程及發(fā)展的文體。消息、通訊、傳記、游記、小說、童話、寓言以及記敘性的散文等,都屬于記敘文的范疇。
(二)記敘文主線
記敘文一般含有兩條線,一條是事件發(fā)展的順序,即明線;另一條是情感暗線。事件發(fā)展的順序比較容易獲取,一般為時(shí)間順序和事件發(fā)展的順序,但是暗線就有難度了,因此教師要訓(xùn)練學(xué)生如何根據(jù)事件這條明線找到情感暗線。暗線是如何發(fā)展的?一般都有依據(jù),最常見的是依據(jù)主人公的動作來判斷,由一個(gè)動作到另一個(gè)動作的轉(zhuǎn)變預(yù)示著主人公的情感變化,英語中常常有些過渡詞,比如but、however等。這個(gè)突破口就是推理判斷能力的依據(jù)。
(三)記敘文的六要素
記敘文中有大量的事件發(fā)展過程中的細(xì)節(jié),包括記敘文的六要素(what、who、when、where、why、how)。因此在作答細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí),一般只需要由前到后、從上到下,一題一題地做就可以。而找到了“why”與“how”,也就能解決英語中的推理判斷題。
(四)記敘文的“精華”
記敘文最后經(jīng)常會有一兩句話抒發(fā)作者的情緒與感悟,這是記敘文的精華所在,也是閱讀的難點(diǎn)所在,可謂“一篇之妙,在于落句”。這里也常出英語中的主旨大意題,所以只要懂得方法,這2分也“唾手可得”。
在教學(xué)“A Story of a French Student”時(shí),筆者安排先解決閱讀障礙(單詞詞組句子,編寫短文鞏固基礎(chǔ)),再根據(jù)課文事件發(fā)展的順序把打亂的句子排序(獲取文中大意),再判斷文體,找到中心句和六要素,再改變課文為完形填空,最后做文體、結(jié)構(gòu)、中心類似的中考質(zhì)檢題,從中體會技巧,布置相應(yīng)北京中考題。主要環(huán)節(jié)如下:
Step2. Reading (33mins)
Task 1: Guess the meanings of new words and expression and sentences. (5mins)
Fill in the blanks with the correct words.
waitress, magazine, rooster, wife ,chick
There are so many chickens living on a farm . They are brave enough to explore the world .So the ______['ru?st?r] took his _____ ——the hen and his babies ——______on holiday. They are in a restaurant to read _________ smilingly .The _______ ['we?tr?s ] is so surprised to find that they are not eating worms but hamburgers.
Task 2 :Put the following sentences into the correct order according to the passage. (5mins)
A. “Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea , please.”
B. He sat back with a smile on his face.
C. Then he saw a magazine on the table next to him.
D. A French student went to London on vacation.
E. He looked around , but nobody was eating eggs .
F. One morning , he went to a restaurant .
Task 3: Scan the text and know the specific information of the passage . (6mins)
Fill in the blanks and choose the best answer .
When:? _________? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Why: _________
Where:? _________? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?What: _________
Who:? _________? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?How:? _________
Task 4: Analyse the covert plot in a narrative to do the inference question . (10mins)
1. Where did the French student go on vacation?
A. London.? ?B. New York.? ? C. Paris.? ?D. Beijing .
2. What did the French student want to have in the restaurant?
A. Some fish and a cup of tea.? ? ?B. Two eggs and a cup of tea.
C. Some chicken and a cup of tea .? D. Two eggs and a glass of milk.
3. The student didn't know the word “egg” because _____ .
A. he didn't like the egg? ? ? B. he is a Frenchman
C. he hates English? ? ? ? ? D. he knows a little English
4.What is the student's attitude towards the whole thing ?
A. Moved.? ?B. Indifferent.? ?C. Satisfied.? ?D. Regretful.
5.What is the main idea of the text?
A. A French student solved the word “egg ” cleverly.
B. A French student learnt English.
C. A French student went to a restaurant .
D. A French student ordered a meal.
Task 5: Do the cloze adapted from the passage. (5mins)
Task6: Summarize the passage (2mins)
二、說明文
不論是中考還是高考,在閱讀理解中說明文是考生較頭疼的文體,其在試卷中所占的比例也較多,2018福建英語中考題閱讀理解C(出生順序)、D(母親節(jié)的起源)皆為說明文,2019福建英語中考題閱讀理解D(第一印象)、E(獻(xiàn)血流程與條件)也皆為說明文??忌谡f明文中的主旨大意題、推斷題失分較為嚴(yán)重。在教學(xué)中,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)掌握了說明文的文體特征和結(jié)構(gòu)能很好的幫助考生解題。
對科普知識、動植物特征、自然現(xiàn)象、新產(chǎn)品、新工藝、新發(fā)明發(fā)現(xiàn)、人文地理、風(fēng)土人情、逸聞趣事等的介紹都屬于說明文。其可分為事理說明文和事物說明文。說明文的關(guān)鍵是明對象、梳脈絡(luò)、定說明方法。
說明的對象包括說明的事物和被解說的事理。梳脈絡(luò)就是分析文章的結(jié)構(gòu),說明文的結(jié)構(gòu)往往是“總-分,分-總,總-分-總”。英語閱讀理解的說明文結(jié)構(gòu)常為“what(說明對象)- why (為什么)-how(有什么影響)”。說明方法與語文相似,如作比較、列數(shù)字、舉例子等。
在教學(xué) English Around the World(Ⅱ)時(shí),筆者先解決閱讀障礙(猜測文章單詞詞組句子意思),概括段落大意找到主題句,表格細(xì)節(jié)理解,通過改編課本情景劇讓學(xué)生復(fù)述課文,總結(jié)文章結(jié)構(gòu),深層次閱讀,并通過中考題目鞏固,最后改編課文為五選五。主要環(huán)節(jié)如下:
Step2. Reading (33mins)
Task 1: Guess the meanings of new words and expression and sentences. (5mins)
Britain, powerful, leading, position, take the leading position;
in the nineteenth century, be required to do sth.,be regarded as;
China, a country with the largest population in the world , has encouraged more people to learn English since the 1970s.
Task 2: Match the main idea of every paragraph and get the main idea of the passage. (5mins)
Para. 1 Why has English become widely used around the world.
Para. 2 The reason why English becomes much more important.
Para. 3 China has encouraged more people to learn English.
Para. 4 The study of English is considered to be important.
Task 3 :Scan the text and know the specific information of the passage . (6mins)
Why has English become so popular?
In the 19th century
Great Britain _________________
English became _______________
Since the 1950s
The Internet __________________
Since the 1970s
China _______________________
Now
The study of English__________
Task 4: Consolidation
1.Ask some students to act every paragraph out and let the others retell the passage .
2.What: English has become widely used around the world .
Why: Great Britain became a powerful country.
The development of the computer and the Internet.
How: China has encouraged more people to learn English.
The study of English is considered to be important.
What is the writer's attitude towards English learning ?
A. Negative. B. Positive. C. Indifferent (漠不關(guān)心的).
三、議論文
(一)什么是議論文
議論文是對某個(gè)問題或某件事進(jìn)行分析、評論,從而表明自己的觀點(diǎn)、立場、態(tài)度、看法和主張的一種文體。英語的議論文往往在第一段拋出問題,展開多角度的討論,經(jīng)常用“but、however”,分成兩組觀點(diǎn),用專家學(xué)者等言論作為論據(jù),以加強(qiáng)論證的科學(xué)性和嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。
(二)議論文結(jié)構(gòu)
議論文有著自己的語言,結(jié)構(gòu)也顯而易見。故可以從文章結(jié)構(gòu)入手讓學(xué)生理清議論文脈絡(luò),如此解題就迎難而解了。
在教學(xué)“Entertainment and Friendship”Topic1“I would rather watch sports shows than those ones”Section D 時(shí),筆者先引導(dǎo)學(xué)生找出每段主題句,再分析文章結(jié)構(gòu),找到文章中心,分析議論文結(jié)構(gòu),之后分析2019福建中考C篇,最后組織寫作文(上網(wǎng)課利弊):新型冠狀病毒肺炎(COVID-19 /Novel Coronavirus pneumonia)改變了我們傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)模式,請你根據(jù)下表提示,談?wù)勗诩疑暇W(wǎng)課的利弊,并談?wù)勀阕约荷暇W(wǎng)課的酸甜苦辣。(不少于80詞)
參考詞匯:attend classes online(上網(wǎng)課);motivation to study(學(xué)習(xí)動機(jī))。
總之,掌握了閱讀理解的文體特征,學(xué)生就能在宏觀上較好地把握文章,清楚題目的特點(diǎn),其他就是微觀上的詞法、句法、知識點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)了。因此筆者認(rèn)為各類文體的特征就是必須掌握的知識,許多閱讀材料一般都有較明顯的文體特征,只有掌握了各類文體的基礎(chǔ)知識,答題才會有較為準(zhǔn)確的方向、方法以及解題技巧。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]教育部.義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2022年版)[S].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2022.