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        破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤不同時(shí)機(jī)夾閉術(shù)后的顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測研究

        2020-05-25 09:16:08許雅紋方文華蔡嘉偉
        中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2020年12期
        關(guān)鍵詞:腦動(dòng)脈瘤蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血

        許雅紋 方文華 蔡嘉偉

        [摘要]目的 探討破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤不同時(shí)機(jī)夾閉術(shù)后患者的顱內(nèi)壓(ICP)變化特點(diǎn)。方法 回顧性分析2014年10月~2016年9月我院收治的滿足納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的49例成人破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤患者的臨床資料,按照動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉手術(shù)時(shí)間分為早期(發(fā)病≤3 d)手術(shù)組(26例)和延遲(發(fā)病4~21 d)手術(shù)組(23例),兩組均在術(shù)后行持續(xù)ICP監(jiān)測及以ICP為導(dǎo)向的綜合治療。比較、分析兩組患者術(shù)后ICP變化特點(diǎn)及其臨床意義。以隨訪12個(gè)月的死亡率和改良Rankin量表(mRS)評(píng)分評(píng)價(jià)兩組患者的預(yù)后。結(jié)果 兩組患者的影像學(xué)特征方面、預(yù)后情況比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。早期手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后ICP總體平均值為(15.21±3.71)mmHg,高于延遲手術(shù)組的(14.12±4.13)mmHg,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。早期手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后ICP平均值呈現(xiàn)先緩慢增高而后下降的趨勢,術(shù)后第3、5天均高于術(shù)后第1天,其中以術(shù)后第5天最高,而術(shù)后第7天則降低,且低于術(shù)后第1天,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);延遲手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后第2天ICP平均值增高之后即開始下降,術(shù)后第6、7天均低于術(shù)后第1天,其中以術(shù)后第7天為最低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者術(shù)后第7天的ICP平均值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 發(fā)病3 d內(nèi)早期手術(shù)的破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤患者術(shù)后總體ICP高于延遲手術(shù)組。早期手術(shù)和延遲手術(shù)術(shù)后ICP均呈先增高而后下降的趨勢,早期手術(shù)最高峰在第5天,而延遲手術(shù)術(shù)后第2天最高。兩種手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)術(shù)后患者的ICP在經(jīng)過治療后均能夠下降至較低水平。這一規(guī)律有助于破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤術(shù)后ICP增高臨床診療策略的制定。

        [關(guān)鍵詞]腦動(dòng)脈瘤;蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血;顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測;預(yù)后

        [Abstract] Objective To explore the characteristics of intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients after ruptured cerebral aneurysms clipped at different timing. Methods The clinical data of 49 adult patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm in our hospital who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from October 2014 to September 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into the early surgery (≤ 3 days after onset) group (26 cases) and delayed surgery (4-21 days after onset) group (23 cases) according to the timing of clipping. The continuous ICP monitoring and ICP-oriented comprehensive treatment were performed after surgery in both groups. The characteristics and clinical significance of postoperative ICP of patients in two groups were compared and analyzed. The prognosis of the patients in two groups was evaluated by mortality and modified Rankin scale (mRS) score at 12-month follow-up. Results There were no significant differences in imaging characteristics and prognosis between the two groups of patients (P>0.05). The total average postoperative ICP of patients in the early surgery group was (15.21±3.71) mmHg, which was higher than that in the delayed surgery group for (14.12±4.13) mmHg, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The average postoperative ICP of patients in the early surgery group increased slowly and then decreased, average ICP on the third and fifth days after surgery was higher than that at the first day, with the highest on the fifth day and it decreased on the seventh day after surgery, and was lower than that on the first day after surgery, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). In the delayed surgery group, the average ICP started to decrease on the second day after surgery, and the average ICP on the sixth and seventh days after surgery was lower than that on the first day, lowest on the seventh day after surgery, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the average ICP between the two groups on the seventh day after surgery (P>0.05). Conclusion The total postoperative ICP of patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm who have been operated within 3 days after onset is higher than that of delayed surgery. The postoperative ICP of patients with either early or delayed surgery shows a tendency of increasing first and decreasing then. The ICP reaches the peak on the fifth day after early surgery while that on the second day after delayed surgery. The ICP of patients after clipping at different timing can be reduced to a lower level after treatment. This feature may be helpful for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of increased postoperative ICP in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysm.

        [Key words] Cerebral aneurysm; Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Intracranial pressure monitoring; Prognosis

        盡管針對(duì)破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤(cerebral aneurysm)及其導(dǎo)致的動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH)的診療技術(shù)已獲得較大進(jìn)步,但在全世界范圍內(nèi)其病死率和致殘率仍然居高不下,其不良預(yù)后與全腦水腫、顱內(nèi)壓(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高、腦血管痙攣、遲發(fā)性腦梗死、全身系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥等因素密切相關(guān)[1-2]。由于醫(yī)療條件、水平和理念的差異,不同醫(yī)院對(duì)破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤行夾閉或介入治療的時(shí)機(jī)選擇各不相同,其中對(duì)術(shù)后ICP增高、腦腫脹等繼發(fā)腦損害和不良預(yù)后的疑慮則是影響手術(shù)時(shí)機(jī)判斷的重要因素。有研究指出,aSAH患者存在ICP增高現(xiàn)象,ICP增高的控制是破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤臨床治療過程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)[3]。但對(duì)于破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤行開顱夾閉手術(shù)患者術(shù)后ICP變化的特點(diǎn)和規(guī)律則較少有文獻(xiàn),因此,本研究旨在分析不同時(shí)機(jī)夾閉手術(shù)患者的ICP變化特點(diǎn),為臨床診療提供參考,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

        1資料與方法

        1.1一般資料

        選取2014年10月~2016年9月我院共收治的467例自發(fā)性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者,其中部分患者根據(jù)《神經(jīng)外科重癥管理專家共識(shí)》[4]行有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測,并從中進(jìn)行研究對(duì)象的篩選,同時(shí)滿足納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者49例,對(duì)其臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]:①CT顯示蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血,且CT血管造影術(shù)(CTA)或數(shù)字減影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)確診為腦動(dòng)脈瘤;②年齡≥18歲;③Hunt-Hess分級(jí)≥Ⅱ級(jí);④經(jīng)專業(yè)組討論適合行開顱夾閉手術(shù)治療;⑤發(fā)病到手術(shù)時(shí)間≤21 d;⑥持續(xù)有創(chuàng)ICP監(jiān)測時(shí)間>24 h。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①未破裂腦動(dòng)脈瘤;②嚴(yán)重肝、腎衰竭或凝血功能障礙;③患者及家屬拒絕行夾閉手術(shù)或ICP傳感器置入。按動(dòng)脈瘤夾閉手術(shù)距離發(fā)病后的時(shí)間,將患者分為早期(發(fā)病≤3 d)手術(shù)組和延遲(發(fā)病4~21 d)手術(shù)組。早期手術(shù)組患者26例,平均年齡(56.80±12.40)歲。延遲手術(shù)組患者23例,平均年齡(55.80±9.40)歲。兩組患者年齡、性別、高血壓、糖尿病、Hunt-Hess分級(jí)、改良Fisher分級(jí)、動(dòng)脈瘤數(shù)量、術(shù)前腦積水等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表1),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核及同意,患者及家屬均知曉治療情況并簽署知情同意書。

        1.2方法

        兩組患者在入院前后均按照2012年美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)/美國卒中協(xié)會(huì)(AHA/ASA)《動(dòng)脈瘤性蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血處理指南》[5]進(jìn)行診療。在術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備完善并經(jīng)全科討論符合夾閉手術(shù)條件,行經(jīng)翼點(diǎn)鎖孔入路開顱,顯微鏡下確認(rèn)破裂責(zé)任動(dòng)脈瘤并予夾閉,清除可見血腫。置入ICP傳感器(Codman,USA):伴有腦積水或腦室內(nèi)出血患者選擇腦室型置于側(cè)腦室內(nèi),其余患者選擇腦實(shí)質(zhì)型置于同側(cè)額葉皮層下2 cm處。術(shù)后給予神經(jīng)重癥監(jiān)護(hù),每個(gè)患者每天至少進(jìn)行3次臨床評(píng)估[包括格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)評(píng)分、Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評(píng)分、神經(jīng)功能障礙程度評(píng)估等]。術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)常規(guī)復(fù)查頭顱CT,1周內(nèi)復(fù)查頭頗CTA或DSA,病情變化或ICP持續(xù)增高時(shí)隨時(shí)復(fù)查頭顱CT或CTA以明確顱內(nèi)情況等。術(shù)后行持續(xù)ICP監(jiān)測,并采取以ICP監(jiān)測為導(dǎo)向的綜合治療策略。ICP控制措施采用階梯式方案,包括抬高床頭、維持正常體溫、鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、呼吸道管理、脫水藥物(甘露醇、速尿)、滲透壓治療(維持血漿滲透壓300~320 mOsm/L)、輕度過度通氣[動(dòng)脈二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)30~35 mmHg]等。

        1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

        所有患者的術(shù)前、術(shù)后影像學(xué)資料由兩名高年資主治以上醫(yī)師獨(dú)立閱片,評(píng)估兩組患者的腦積水、環(huán)池受壓、中線移位≥5 mm、側(cè)腦室受壓和顱內(nèi)低密度灶(提示腦缺血或腦水腫)等情況。ICP控制與數(shù)據(jù)采集:所有患者通過數(shù)據(jù)連接線聯(lián)接ICP監(jiān)護(hù)儀和床旁心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀(BeneView T6,Mindray,中國),實(shí)時(shí)采集并存儲(chǔ)術(shù)后ICP數(shù)據(jù),在剔除受干擾的異常值后,取每個(gè)患者每24小時(shí)的ICP平均值,對(duì)兩組患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)ICP的高低、變化趨勢、峰值出現(xiàn)時(shí)間等進(jìn)行分析。以發(fā)病后12個(gè)月為隨訪時(shí)間點(diǎn),采取門診和電話隨訪方式,評(píng)估兩組患者的死亡率和改良Rankin量表(mRS)評(píng)分情況,其中mRS≤3分為預(yù)后良好,mRS 4~5分及死亡病例歸為預(yù)后不良。

        1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

        采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率表示,組間比較采用Fisher確切概率法檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

        2結(jié)果

        2.1兩組患者影像學(xué)特征和預(yù)后情況的比較

        兩組患者圍術(shù)期均未出現(xiàn)再出血。早期手術(shù)組中,有15例患者術(shù)后CT上顯示環(huán)池受壓、中線移位≥5 mm、側(cè)腦室受壓征象,8例顯示顱內(nèi)低密度灶;延遲手術(shù)組中,有17例患者術(shù)后CT上顯示環(huán)池受壓、中線移位≥5 mm、側(cè)腦室受壓征象,7例顯示顱內(nèi)低密度灶。兩組患者的影像學(xué)特征方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。隨訪12個(gè)月,早期手術(shù)組中,預(yù)后良好22例,預(yù)后不良4例(其中包括1例死亡);延遲手術(shù)組中,預(yù)后良好16例,預(yù)后不良7例。兩組患者的預(yù)后情況比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。

        2.2兩組患者術(shù)后不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)ICP變化趨勢的比較

        早期手術(shù)組患者的ICP總體平均值高于延遲手術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);早期手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后ICP平均值呈現(xiàn)先緩慢增高而后下降的趨勢,術(shù)后第3、5天均高于術(shù)后第1天,其中以術(shù)后第5天最高,而術(shù)后第7天則降低,且低于術(shù)后第1天,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);延遲手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后第2天ICP平均值增高之后即開始下降,術(shù)后第6、7天均低于術(shù)后第1天,其中以術(shù)后第7天為最低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者術(shù)后第1~4及7天的ICP平均值比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);早期手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后第5、6天的ICP平均值均高于延遲手術(shù)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。

        [5]Connolly ES Jr,Rabinstein AA,Carhuapoma JR,et al.Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2012,43(6):1711-1737.

        [6]Andersen CR,F(xiàn)itzgerald E,Delaney A,et al.A systematic review of outcome measures employed in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) clinical research[J].Neurocrit Care,2019,30(3):534-541.

        [7]Qian Z,Peng T,Liu A,et al.Early timing of endovascular treatment for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage achieves improved outcomes[J].Curr Neurovasc Res,2014,11(1):16-22.

        [8]Park J,Woo H,Kang DH,et al.Formal protocol for emergency treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms to reduce in-hospital rebleeding and improve clinical outcomes[J].J Neurosurg,2015,122(2):383-391.

        [9]Mahaney KB,Todd MM,Bayman EO,et al.Acute postoperative neurological deterioration associated with surgery for ruptured intracranial aneurysm:incidence,predictors,and outcomes[J].J Neurosurg,2012,116(6):1267-1278.

        [10]Cossu G,Messerer M,Stocchetti N,et al.Intracranial pressure and outcome in critically ill patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:a systematic review[J].Minerva Anestesiol,2016,82(6):684-696.

        [11]Zhao DD,Guo ZD,He S,et al.High intracranial pressure may be the initial inducer of elevated plasma D-dimer level after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage[J].Int J Neurosci,2019,18:1-6.

        [12]Etminan N,Chang HS,Hackenberg K,et al.Worldwide incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage according to region,time period,blood pressure,and smoking prevalence in the population:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA Neurol,2019,76(5):588-597.

        [13]Florez WA,García-Ballestas E,Deora H,et al.Intracranial hypertension in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Neurosurg Rev,2020.[Epub ahead of print]

        [14]Lv Y,Wang D,Lei J,Clinical observation of the time course of raised intracranial pressure after subarachnoid hemorrhage[J].Neurol Sci,2015,36(7):1203-1210.

        [15]Darkwah Oppong M,Buffen K,Pierscianek D,et al.Secondary hemorrhagic complications in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:when the impact hits hard[J].J Neurosurg,2019,1:1-8.

        [16]Duan W,Pan Y,Wang C,et al.Risk factors and clinical impact of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:analysis from the China National Stroke Registry[J].Neuroepidemiology,2018,50(3-4):128-136.

        [17]Olsen MH,Orre M,Leisner ACW,et al.Delayed cerebral ischaemia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage:Functional outcome and long-term mortality[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2019,63(9):1191-1199.

        (收稿日期:2020-01-14? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)

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