黃江湖 尹曉明 林飛躍 徐楊 許春財 林曦 葉福標
[摘要]目的 探討氨甲環(huán)酸(TXA)在成人退變性側(cè)彎(ASD)后路矯形術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期的應用效果。方法 選取2014年3月~2018年3月在我院診斷為ASD患者60例,隨機分為實驗組和對照組,每組各30例。實驗組切皮前15 min靜脈滴注TXA 20 mg/kg,手術(shù)開始后以10 mg/(kg·h)持續(xù)滴注至手術(shù)結(jié)束;對照組靜脈滴注等量的生理鹽水。記錄兩組術(shù)中、術(shù)后24 h出血量,術(shù)中、術(shù)后自體輸血量和異體輸血量,同時予以雙下肢靜脈彩超檢查兩組術(shù)后深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 實驗組術(shù)中出血量和術(shù)后24 h引流量明顯少于對照組,(1224±245)ml vs.(1653±315)ml和(410±122)ml vs.(624±187)ml(P<0.01);圍術(shù)期自體血輸血量和異體輸血量少于對照組,(320±75)ml vs.(578±172)ml和(389±85)ml vs.(465±97)ml(P<0.05)。兩組術(shù)后無深靜脈血栓發(fā)生。結(jié)論 靜脈應用TXA可減少ASD后路矯形術(shù)患者圍術(shù)期出血量和輸血量,且安全有效。
[關鍵詞]氨甲環(huán)酸;成人退變性側(cè)彎;出血量;輸血量
[中圖分類號] R687.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1674-4721(2019)8(a)-0077-03
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the application effect of Tranexamic acid(TXA) in the patients undergoing posterior spine correction surgeon with adult degenerative scoliosis (ASD) during perioperative period. Methods A total of 60 patients with ASD from March 2014 to March 2018 in our hospital.were selected. They were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, 30 cases in each group. Experimental group was injected with TXA 20 mg/kg before incision and followed with TXA 10 mg/(kg·h)? during surgery, and the control group was given with equal volume of 0.9% saline. The blood loss during the operation and the blood loss in 24 hours after operation were recorded. And the amount of autologous blood transfusion and allogeneic blood transfusion were also recorded. Meanwhile the color Doppler ultrasound was used to detect the deep vein thrombosis of the patients after operation. Results The blood loss during operation and the blood loss in 24 hours after operation in the experimental group were significantly less than that in the control group, (1224±245) ml vs. (1653±315) ml and (410±122) ml vs. (624±187) ml (P<0.01). And the amount of autologous blood transfusion and allogeneic blood transfusion in the experimental group were also significantly less than that in the control group, (320±75) ml vs. (578±172) ml and (389±85) ml vs. (465±97) ml (P<0.05). Deep vein thrombosis was not found in both groups after operation. Conclusion Intravenous injection of TXA can reduce the blood loss and transfusion perioperative period in the patients undergoing spine correction surgeon with ASD, and without risk of deep vein thrombosis.
[Key words] Tranexamic acid; Adult degenerative scoliosis; Blood loss; Transfusion
成人退變性側(cè)彎(ADS)是指由于脊柱椎間盤與椎間小關節(jié)等的退變不對稱所引起的椎體側(cè)方滑移、旋轉(zhuǎn)及半脫位,導致脊柱冠狀位失平衡,多合并腰椎椎管狹窄,臨床常出現(xiàn)腰背部疼痛的軸性癥狀和間歇性跛行的根性癥狀。好發(fā)于中老年人,女性多于男性[1]。該類患者的癥狀通過保守治療多數(shù)得不到有效緩解,通常要手術(shù)治療予以糾正[2-4]。脊柱后路長節(jié)段矯形減壓融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)是目前用于治療ADS的主要術(shù)式。但這種術(shù)式有組織破壞大,出血多等缺點,往往需要輸血治療[4]。多年來,研究人員一直致力于通過藥物控制該種術(shù)式的圍術(shù)期出血,但目前仍缺乏公認的有效指南。近年來,有相關研究報道了氨甲環(huán)酸(TXA)在脊柱手術(shù)中的應用[5-7],但其在ADS后路長節(jié)段矯形融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)中尚未見報道。本研究探討TXA用于60例ADS行脊柱后路長節(jié)段矯形減壓融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)的患者,評估其安全性和有效性,現(xiàn)報道如下
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2014年3月~2018年3月在我院診斷為ADS患者60例,均行脊柱后路長節(jié)段矯形減壓融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)。隨機分為實驗組和對照組,每組各30例。其中男12例,女48例;年齡50~75歲,平均(62.4±3.2)歲。實驗組中,男5例,女25例;平均年齡(60.9±5.3)歲;平均體重(48.4±12.5)kg;手術(shù)時間(578±76)min;融合范圍(6±2)個。對照組中,男7例,女23例;平均年齡(63.0±3.5)歲;平均體重(47.6±14.2)kg;手術(shù)時間(595±72)min;融合范圍(7±1)個。兩組的一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。同一組手術(shù)醫(yī)生施行所有手術(shù)?;颊呒凹覍倬炇鹬橥鈺1狙芯拷?jīng)我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準。納入標準:符合ASD診斷標準;行脊柱后路長節(jié)段矯形融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)。排除標準:術(shù)前凝血功能異?;蜷L期抗凝治療的患者;術(shù)前有下肢靜脈栓塞的患者;術(shù)前貧血(血紅蛋白<110 g/L)的患者;術(shù)中發(fā)生腦脊液漏患者。
1.2手術(shù)方法
采用全身麻醉,常規(guī)取俯臥位。采用后正中入路,暴露T10~S1雙側(cè)椎板及上下關節(jié)突,于T10~S1雙側(cè)植入椎弓根螺釘,椎管狹窄節(jié)段行全椎板減壓,L4~5和L5~S1椎間隙行椎間盤切除+椎間植骨融合,伴有神經(jīng)根癥狀者行相應節(jié)段神經(jīng)根管減壓,連接釘棒系統(tǒng),旋轉(zhuǎn)矯形。再次透視確認螺釘位置良好,鎖緊釘棒系統(tǒng)。放置引流管接引流袋,逐層縫合傷口,紗布棉墊覆蓋傷口。TXA用法:治療組術(shù)前30 min以氨甲環(huán)酸氯化鈉注射液(武漢愛民制藥股份有限公司,國藥準字H42021852)20 mg/kg,靜脈緩慢滴注15 min;手術(shù)開始后予以10 mg/(kg·h)持續(xù)滴注至手術(shù)結(jié)束;對照組予以等量生理鹽水滴注。
1.3觀察指標
分別記錄兩組的術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)中和術(shù)后自體血輸血量、術(shù)中和術(shù)后異體血輸血量和術(shù)后傷口24 h引流量,同時用血管彩超觀察患者術(shù)后深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生率。
1.4統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)處理分析,計量資料用均數(shù)±標準差表示,兩組資料比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料用百分率表示,兩組資料采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組出血量和輸血量的比較
治療組的術(shù)中出血量和術(shù)后24 h引流量顯著少于對照組(P<0.01)。圍術(shù)期自體血輸血量和異體血輸血量均少于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
與對照組比較,*P<0.05
2.2兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率的比較
兩組均未有深靜脈血栓的發(fā)生。
3討論
近年來,得益于脊柱手術(shù)器械和手術(shù)技巧的提高,使脊柱側(cè)彎矯形手術(shù)得到了長足的進步,但由于手術(shù)耗時長,ADS患者骨質(zhì)疏松,截骨面滲血等因素,術(shù)中出血量仍較多,常需圍術(shù)期的輸血治療,增加了輸血不良事件的發(fā)生率[8],延長了患者的住院時間,同時也加重了患者經(jīng)濟負擔。
最近一種抗纖溶藥物TXA,引起了脊柱外科醫(yī)生的廣泛關注。TXA是一種人工合成的賴氨酸類似物,可通過結(jié)合纖維蛋白溶酶原,進而降低纖維蛋白的溶解,而減少圍術(shù)期出血[9]。目前,在心臟與關節(jié)置換手術(shù)中,TXA得到了廣泛的應用[10-13]。許多臨床研究表明圍術(shù)期使用TXA可減少脊柱手術(shù)的出血量,在一定程度上減少了輸血量,同時沒有增加患者的并發(fā)癥[5-7]。目前,脊柱手術(shù)中用TXA的劑量仍沒有統(tǒng)一的標準。一項臨床研究中,比較了不同劑量的TXA對青少年特發(fā)性側(cè)彎行后路矯形術(shù)圍術(shù)期出血量的影響,一組予以20 mg/kg,繼以10 mg/(kg·h)持續(xù)靜脈輸入,另一組給予10 mg/kg,繼以1 mg/(kg·h)持續(xù)靜脈輸入,結(jié)果表明前組較后一組減少50%出血量,但兩組的輸血量差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[5]。另一項青少年特發(fā)性脊柱側(cè)彎行后路矯形內(nèi)固定術(shù)的回顧性研究中,Lykissas等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)予以大劑量TXA 100 mg,繼以10 mg/(kg·h)為持續(xù)靜脈輸入,較對照組術(shù)中出血量明顯減少。Shapiro等[7]在神經(jīng)肌肉型脊柱側(cè)彎行后路側(cè)彎矯形融合術(shù)中使用TXA,術(shù)前15 min靜脈輸入100 mg/kg,后10 mg/kg持續(xù)靜脈泵入,結(jié)果表明TXA可明顯減少圍術(shù)期出血量和輸血量。本研究結(jié)合參考文獻的相關劑量,采用切皮前15 min輸入20 mg/kg;手術(shù)開始后予以10 mg/(kg·h)持續(xù)滴注至手術(shù)結(jié)束。結(jié)果提示實驗組較對照組術(shù)中出血量及引流量均明顯減少。
TXA能否減少脊柱手術(shù)中的輸血量仍存在爭議。Shapiro等[7]報道脊柱手術(shù)中使用TXA可減少46%的輸血量(P<0.001)。但另一項研究表明,在脊柱側(cè)彎矯形術(shù)中用TXA并不能顯著減少患者的輸血量(P=0.078)[5]。但這與兩項研究中的研究對象的年齡、手術(shù)方式和樣本量等差異有關。在本研究中,實驗組的自體輸血量和異體輸血量較對照組均明顯較少。提示該劑量的TXA在ADS行后路矯形融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)中可明顯減少輸血量,在一定程度上減少了由此帶來的輸血不良事件的發(fā)生。
血栓栓塞是應用TXA過程中主要的不良反應[14-15]。但目前的多項研究表明,在脊柱手術(shù)中用TXA并沒有血栓栓塞的發(fā)生。同樣,在本研究中,在ADS行后路矯形融合內(nèi)固定術(shù)的患者中使用TXA,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后血栓栓塞的發(fā)生。
本研究結(jié)果提示,在ADS患者行后路矯形融合內(nèi)固定中靜脈用TXA,可顯著減少患者圍術(shù)期出血量及輸血量。但由于本研究樣本量較小,在ADS患者后路矯形融合內(nèi)固定中使用TXA的有效劑量及安全性,仍需要大樣本、多中性的臨床隨機對照研究進一步驗證。
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(收稿日期:2019-03-01? 本文編輯:崔建中)