陳桃萍

摘要：高考英語書面表達(dá)是對(duì)考生綜合應(yīng)用英語能力的考查，其所占分值較大。但在教學(xué)過程中，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多學(xué)生盡管學(xué)了多年英語，作文總是不盡人意，難以取得高分。筆者嘗試從學(xué)生習(xí)作中反映的問題入手，探索如何指導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行寫作訓(xùn)練，以提高他們的寫作技巧和寫作能力。

關(guān)鍵詞：寫作;整體性;連貫性;主題句;結(jié)構(gòu);讀寫互動(dòng)

一、新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)高考英語的寫作要求

《英語課標(biāo)（2017年版）》對(duì)語言技能內(nèi)容的描述做了改變，采用了分類整合的描述方式，分為理解性技能和表達(dá)性技能兩個(gè)層面。其中，說和寫調(diào)整為表達(dá)性技能。其具體要求如下：

1.根據(jù)交際需求發(fā)起談話并維持交談;

2.清楚地描述事件的全過程;

3.使用文字和非文字手段描述個(gè)人經(jīng)歷和事物特征;

4.在口頭和書面表達(dá)中借助連接性詞語、指示代詞、詞匯銜接等語言手段建立邏輯關(guān)系;

5.在書面表達(dá)中借助標(biāo)題、圖標(biāo)、圖像、表格、版式等傳遞信息、表達(dá)意義;

6.根據(jù)表達(dá)目的選擇適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z篇類型;

7.根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要選擇詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu);

8.根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要選擇詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu);根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要選擇正式語和非正式語;

9.借助語調(diào)和重音突出需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的意義。

二、學(xué)生書面表達(dá)中存在的問題及原因

許多學(xué)生對(duì)于寫作仍是一片茫然，不知該如何下手，即使寫出來，不是錯(cuò)誤百出，就是單調(diào)乏味。在寫作內(nèi)容上，作文內(nèi)容貧乏，思路不暢，對(duì)題目的深層含義不能理解透徹，不能完整深刻地挖掘主題。其次，在語篇上，學(xué)生謀篇布局的能力薄弱，不懂在寫作中使用過渡，轉(zhuǎn)折等手段將主題有機(jī)地連接起來。而在寫作教學(xué)時(shí)，往往是老師布置寫作任務(wù)，學(xué)生寫完后交給老師批改，優(yōu)秀作文將被貼在教室墻壁上，并被學(xué)生反復(fù)背誦。 老師總結(jié)出一套套萬能的模板，學(xué)生機(jī)械模仿背誦，結(jié)果學(xué)生不能寫出有聲有勢(shì)的思想，不能展現(xiàn)出自己獨(dú)特的視角，不能真正做到傳情達(dá)意。

三、如何有效地構(gòu)建英語寫作的嚴(yán)密結(jié)構(gòu)

1976年韓禮德和夫人哈桑在（Cohesion in English） 一書中指出，“語篇是兩個(gè)方面都連貫的語段：在情景語境方面是連貫的，因此在語域上是一致的;其語篇本體是連貫的，因此是銜接的，兩者缺一不可，一者也不包含另一者?！?/p>

（一）重視主題句，突出語篇的主題思想。

因受中文的影響，大部分學(xué)生在寫作中習(xí)慣有壓軸思維，即習(xí)慣把關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容放到最后，而不直接點(diǎn)明主題，因而很難吸引讀者的注意。所以在寫作訓(xùn)練課勢(shì)，教師可以要求學(xué)生做到一個(gè)段落只闡述一個(gè)主題思想，先確定一個(gè)中心思想，并能用一個(gè)完整的句子表達(dá)。如：

Dear Leslie，

Hearing the exciting news that you came in first place in the live English speech competition， I can't wait to convey my heartfelt congratulations to you.

On reflection， I think the following factors can account for your success. First， you made full preparations for it. Having revised and polished your essay many times， you devoted yourself to practicing your pronunciation and intonation day in and day out. No wonder that your fluent and authentic English impressed the audience enormously. Besides， you quoted abundantly from many sources and read them out emotionally， which made you knowledgeable and appealing. To be honest， I simply couldn't take my eyes off the TV screen. Last， it was your burning desire to be a brilliant speaker and your perseverance that led to your success. Therefore， you are a perfect example of success coming from hard work.

Congratulations again. May all your efforts pay off and you have a bright future.

Li Hua

主題句一般位于段落的第一句，以上的主題句即為On reflection， I think the following factors can account for your success. 接下來的句子緊緊圍繞這個(gè)主題句展開。

（二）重視段落架構(gòu)和銜接手段，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。

銜接和連貫是微觀語篇最重要的內(nèi)容之一。中文語言的組織靠的是意合，及句子的銜接靠的是句子意義的本身，很少使用太多的連接詞;而英語文章的組織靠的是形合，句子之間的銜接離不開銜接詞。一般來說銜接主要包括照應(yīng)、替代、省略、連接和詞匯銜接幾個(gè)方面。

我們可以將語篇看做一個(gè)整體，一個(gè)由銜接手段聯(lián)成的整體。銜接手段可以看做是一篇文章從結(jié)構(gòu)到內(nèi)容連貫與發(fā)展的“路標(biāo)”。而這些銜接手段構(gòu)成的“路標(biāo)”就可以被看做是“語篇”的謀篇構(gòu)架。有了固定的謀篇構(gòu)架格式，謀篇構(gòu)架間的“材料”才不會(huì)松散。連接指出語段是在什么意義上相互聯(lián)系起來的，即“篇章的各個(gè)構(gòu)成部分之間語義上的聯(lián)系”。一篇文章要做到句子之間具有邏輯性、有序性和流暢性，應(yīng)

1.使用合適的連接詞

表因果： as a result， thanks to ，due to ，since， because of， on account of， owing to ， as ， now that ，hence， thus ，consequently;

表轉(zhuǎn)折：on the other hand， whereas， anyway， anyhow， nevertheless， however;

表遞進(jìn)：in addition， also， worse， still， moreover， let alone， besides;

表時(shí)間：first， second， next， eventually， since， then， meanwhile;

表示空間： above， across， beyond， in front of ， next， close to ， adjacent to ， to the left， on the right;

表對(duì)比：in comparison， in contrast， in relation to ，likewise， similarly;

表示目的： in order to ， in the hope that， with the purpose of ， so that ， so as to ， so that

表總結(jié)：in all， in short， in brief， in conclusion， to sum up， in summary.

2.使用正確的時(shí)態(tài)。

One day a graduate student went to see his teacher. He had just got an important job and now was coming to say goodbye to him. The teacher asked him how he wound behave among the high officials. The graduate said， “I will be all right. I have prepared a hundred high hats ， one for each official I meet. I am sure I will succeed.” The teacher became angry at the words， “ What！” he cried. “ Is this what I have been teaching you for the past ten years？” Nothing but a mean flatterer” “ Forgive me ， honored master！” the student rose to his feet and apologized hurriedly. “ Buy you have always been interested in your studies only and do not know how vulgar the world has become. There are few men in the world who are behaving honestly like you.” “ There is something in what you said.”The teacher sighed， nodding his head. So they parted on the best terms， with the graduate’s total number of high hats being one less.

以上這篇文章， 出現(xiàn)了9 種不同的時(shí)態(tài)，由于正確地使用了時(shí)態(tài)，才使這篇文章讀起來語意連貫，使文章有畫面感和層次感。

3.使用統(tǒng)一的人稱。例如：

Thanks to her， we have improved our English.

The doctor came. He looked very serious.

（三）重視讀寫整合，積累豐富素材

以讀促寫是我們經(jīng)常使用的寫作教學(xué)方法之一。閱讀與寫作，兩者關(guān)系密不可分，相互作用、相互促進(jìn)。教師可以選擇篇章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、主題分明和過渡自然的文章，有指導(dǎo)性地讓學(xué)生大量閱讀，通過不斷輸入，反復(fù)地有針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練，讓學(xué)生吸收和內(nèi)化文章的精華，從達(dá)到有效構(gòu)建文章的嚴(yán)密結(jié)構(gòu)的目的。如：

So why has English changed over time？ Actually all language change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other. At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more on German than the England we speak at present. Then gradually between 800 and 1150， English became less like German because those who ruled England spoken first Danish and later French. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary then ever before. In 1620 some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too. English began to be spoken in both countries.

總之，寫作能力的培養(yǎng)不能一蹴而就，作為教師，我們應(yīng)依據(jù)高考考綱的重點(diǎn)，腳踏實(shí)地地根據(jù)學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行有步驟、有目的地訓(xùn)練，加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的寫作意識(shí)。培養(yǎng)他們的寫作習(xí)慣，夯實(shí)他們的寫作基礎(chǔ)，進(jìn)而提高他們的寫作技巧和寫作能力。