孫飛
摘要:本文通過(guò)實(shí)例淺析了定語(yǔ)從句的??茧y點(diǎn),如有不當(dāng)之處, 望大家批評(píng)指正。
關(guān)鍵詞:定語(yǔ)從句;關(guān)系詞;成分;例句
中圖分類號(hào):G632.0 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1992-7711(2018)07-0082
定語(yǔ)從句是高中階段的一個(gè)重要語(yǔ)法內(nèi)容,很多學(xué)生對(duì)此掌握的不是很好,現(xiàn)對(duì)學(xué)生在使用過(guò)程中常碰到的一些稍難問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析講解,希望有所幫助,如有不當(dāng)之處,望大家批評(píng)指正。
首先要理解定語(yǔ)從句的概念——修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句被稱為定語(yǔ)從句。看一個(gè)例子:She is the girl (whom) I met at the party.
從定義我們得出:1. 從句是跟在名詞或代詞之后的,并起修飾作用。2. 從句部分須缺成分,所缺的成分由先行詞充當(dāng)。分析先行詞在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謥?lái)確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞。
例句中先行詞返回從句應(yīng)為:I met the girl at the party.
The girl 在從句中作賓語(yǔ),因此用關(guān)系代詞whom或省略。
再分析一個(gè)句子:I will never forget the day ____ I went to university.
先行詞the day 返回從句應(yīng)為:I went to university on the day. The day 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),因此用when 或on which.
再來(lái)看以下幾種定語(yǔ)從句中的稍難現(xiàn)象。
(1)關(guān)系代詞前有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)加介詞的情況,如何選擇介詞
e.g: The man ____ she is married is an engineer.(和她結(jié)婚的那個(gè)人是個(gè)工程師。)
把先行詞the man 返回從句為:she is married to the man.
和某人結(jié)婚的固定搭配為:be married to sb ,因此介詞to 不能丟。
先行詞為人,用介詞+whom;先行詞為物,用介詞﹢which。
答案為:to whom
再看幾組:①This is the book ____ I spent five yuan. ②This is the book______I paid five yuan.③This is the book_____I learnt a lot.
完整的從句分別為:I spent five yuan on the book
I paid five yuan for the book
I learnt a lot from the book
答案為:① on which ② for which ③ from which
由此,我們可以看出正確的介詞是根據(jù)從句所要表達(dá)的意思和它的固定搭配選擇的。
(2)As 的用法
①As 用于限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只用在such,the same的后面。請(qǐng)看例句:He will repeat such points as are discussed in the book./Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed./He is not the same playboy as we knew.
②As引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句指代整個(gè)句子可位于句首,而which只能位于句末。
e.g: As is known to all, the earth is round./The earth is round, which/as is known to all.
這里區(qū)別開三個(gè)常考句式:It is known to all that the earth is round.(主語(yǔ)從句)/As is known to all,the earth is round.(定語(yǔ)從句)What is known to all is that the earth is round.(主語(yǔ)從句 表語(yǔ)從句)
③定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)插入語(yǔ)(sb think sb know sb believe sb suppose) 時(shí),這類插入語(yǔ)不計(jì)入成分。
e.g: He is the boy____ you think is marys brother.
A. who B. whom C. / D. whose
先行詞為the boy,you think 作為插入語(yǔ)不計(jì)入成分,那么the boy 就作為從句的主語(yǔ)。答案為A.在做此類含插入語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),可直接將插入語(yǔ)刪掉,再看先行詞在從句中作什么成分以確定關(guān)系詞。
④以疑問(wèn)句開始的定語(yǔ)從句需把疑問(wèn)句先變成陳述句以確定先行詞。
e.g: Is this the factory____ your father works.
A. that B. where C. on which D. that one
Is this factory_____ we visited last year.
A. where B. in which C. the one D. at which
第一句變成陳述句為:This is the factory your father works.
先行詞為 the factory,返回從句中應(yīng)為:your father works in the factory
因此 the factory 作了從句的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),選B.
第二句變?yōu)殛愂鼍錇椋簍his factory is we visited last year.
主句缺表語(yǔ),也就是說(shuō)從句缺先行詞。在先行詞之后還需關(guān)系詞。那么,這個(gè)題需要先補(bǔ)充先行詞再確定關(guān)系詞。根據(jù)句意:這個(gè)工廠就是去年我們參觀過(guò)的工廠。先行詞應(yīng)為the factory.為了避免重復(fù),我們用the one代替。先行詞返回從句應(yīng)在visited之后作賓語(yǔ)。這樣,關(guān)系詞可用which/that或不填。答案為C.因此,做此類題時(shí)應(yīng)先把一般疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)殛愂鼍湟源_定先行詞再做。
⑤That 引起的定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。
看兩個(gè)例子:The news he told us was very exicting.
He has brought us the news our team has won the game.
A. what B. as C. that D. where
這兩個(gè)從句前都為名詞,有別于主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。有必要進(jìn)行比較。第一句的從句缺成分,完整從句為:he told us the news.需要the news 作從句的賓語(yǔ),因此,第一句為定語(yǔ)從句,答案為which/that或不填。第二句中從句不需要the news 充當(dāng)成分,從句完整并且是對(duì)the news的解釋說(shuō)明,因而此句為同位語(yǔ)從句。只能由that 連接。這兩題都選that,但在第一句中它有指代作用且可以省略。而在第二句中that只起連接作用不能省略。
⑥定語(yǔ)從句與并列句的區(qū)別
并列句有and, so, but等并列連詞連接或兩個(gè)句子用分號(hào)連接,這時(shí)就不能用引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞了。
⑦區(qū)分where 引導(dǎo)的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句
若是定語(yǔ)從句,則where前必有被修飾的表示地點(diǎn)的名詞;若where前沒(méi)有名詞則視為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。
請(qǐng)比較:You had better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions.(定語(yǔ)從句)
You had better make a mark where you have any questions.(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句)。
(作者單位:安徽省無(wú)為縣襄安中學(xué) 238300)