孫天令

倒裝句是高中階段一個重要的語法項目，它在英語中使用較為廣泛，形式多樣，也是高考考查的熱點之一。但是，在實際運用中，要想真正準確的掌握倒裝句，使用時應(yīng)當特別注意一些細節(jié)。本文就英語倒裝句常見的部分倒裝和全部倒裝兩種形式來分析，旨在能正確使用英語倒裝句，達到高中生活學(xué)活用的目的。

由于漢語與英語在語序和使用習(xí)慣上的差異，學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)英語時常常在倒裝句上出現(xiàn)錯誤，常出現(xiàn)的問題有：

一、完全倒裝（或全部倒裝）

完全倒裝是英語倒裝句中常見的一種，其語序的變化是將謂語動詞完全放在主要之前，從而形成引起倒裝句加謂語加主語的變化。其目的是使句子強調(diào)句中某一成分，常見以下幾種情況。

（一）There be結(jié)構(gòu)

由引導(dǎo)詞there加動詞be，lie，stand等構(gòu)成的表示存在的句型要用全部倒裝。

e.g. There are many students in the classroom.

There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter.

There lies （stands） a tall beautiful building.

（二）以副詞here， there， now， then， out， in， up， down， away， off等開頭的句子

如果主語是名詞，就用完全倒裝語序。

e.g. Out rushed the children.

Off go the others.

Away went the boy .

The door opened， and in went Miss Jane .

Now comes your turn.（Here it is！給你/在這里）

注意：如果主語是代詞，就用正常語序。

Off they go .

Here you are ！（給你）

Out they went .

Here he comes ！

（三）表時間、地點的介詞短語置于句首，且主語是名詞，也采用全倒.

e.g. Under the tree lay a dog.

From the room came a shout for help .

Outside the classroom stood a student .

On the wall hangs a picture .

They arrived at a farmhouse， in front of which sat a small boy .

Now comes your turn 。

（四）表語提前， 且主語較長. （表語+系動詞+主語）

Gone were those days when we had nothing to eat.

Present at the meeting were Professor White， Professor Smith and many other guests.

Among the goods are Christmas trees， flowers， candles and toys.

Red are the apples.

Lying on the floor was a boy aged 10.

（五）在直接引語中間或后面用作插入語的短語常常用完全倒裝語序，特別是謂語較短時。如果主語是代詞，常常用正常語序。

“I would like to go with you ， ” said the boy， “but I am going to take exams next week.”

“Is there anything I can do for you？” asked Mr Li.

“What do you mean？” she asked.

（六）以副詞so， neither， nor 放在句首表示前面一句話中的謂語動詞所說的情況也適合另一個人或物，用完全倒裝其結(jié)構(gòu)為： so/ neither/ nor + 助/ 系/情v. + 主語

We cant go. Neither/ Nor can they .

Water can generate electricity and so can wind.

注意：由連詞so， nor， neither 開頭的句子，如果表示強調(diào)前面的主語，翻譯成“某人的確如此”，這時不用倒裝。例如：

He likes playing football . So he does.

A： She knows little English.

B： So she does.

A： Tom was late for school yesterday.

B： So he was.

二、部分倒裝

（一） 疑問句，除對主語或主語的定語提問外，都用倒裝語序，通常是部分倒裝。

e.g. Did you finish your work ？

Has he come ？

Why do you speak English ？endprint

You are ready， arent you ？

注：對主語提問或主語的定語提問不倒

e.g. Who/ Whose son is standing there？

Who received the invitation？

Which class won the game？

（二）由否定副詞引起的部分倒裝：not， never， seldom， hardly， rarely， barely ， little， scarcely（幾乎不，決不）， nowhere， at no time/ by no means，/on no account / in no case/ in no way （決不） ， no longer（不再）

eg. Never shall I forget it.

Not a single mistake did he make.

Hardly did he come to see us last year.

Little do we know about him.

Seldom does he come back on Sundays.

Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet beautiful place.

In no way will you give up.

No longer did he come.

（三）否定連詞引起的部分倒裝

not only 倒.. but also ..不倒..， neither .倒.. nor ..倒.，

hardly ... when ... /scarcely ... when .../

no sooner ... than ... （—— 就， 相當于as soon as/on doing ） not until（直到——才）

eg. Not only does she study hard， but also she is polite.

區(qū)別： Not only I but also Tom is tired of Jack.

No sooner had he closed his eyes than he fell asleep.（如Hardly， No sooner， scarcely不放在句首，就不倒 ）

Hardly had we entered the classroom when the bell rang.=（He had hardly entered——when——）

Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.（與only一樣，主倒從不倒）

Not until he began to study did he realize how much time he had wasted.

（四）由“only + 狀語”引起的部分倒裝

即： only + 副詞， 介詞短語， 從句用半倒裝。

Only then did I realize the importance of English.

Only in this way can you learn from your friends.

Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents' intentions.

區(qū)別：

Only the people present can prove it.

Only the man knows it.

（五）. 在省略了if 的虛擬條件句中，were， had， should必須放到句子開頭，構(gòu)成部分倒裝語序。

Had he worked harder ， he would have got through the exams.

=If he had worked harder， he would have got through the exams.

Were I you， I would refuse his offer.

= If I were you， I would refuse his offer.

Should it rain tomorrow， we would put off the sports meeting.

= If it should rain tomorrow， we would put off the sports meeting.

（六） 在so…that， such…that（如此……以致于）句型中，若把 so 或 such 放在句子開頭，要用部分倒裝語序。

So angry was he that he couldn't speak.

So loudly did he speak that the people in the next room could hear him.

Such a clever boy is Tom that all his teachers think highly of him.

（七）由連詞as 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句，表示重復(fù)前句部分內(nèi)容，用部分倒裝語序， 也可用陳述語序。

e.g. Our eating habits have changed， as has the way of our life.

（這時as相當與 so）

He went there on foot， as his brother had done.endprint