陳志強(qiáng)
【摘要】非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是每年高考必考的語(yǔ)法,筆者通過分析統(tǒng)計(jì)近兩年全國(guó)各地考題,結(jié)合自己從教多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn),并借助經(jīng)典例題對(duì)高考中非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的高頻考點(diǎn)進(jìn)行剖析。
【關(guān)鍵詞】高考 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 考點(diǎn)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是歷年高考英語(yǔ)的重要考點(diǎn)之一,同時(shí)難點(diǎn)之一??忌私夥侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及其各種形式的基本用法,并能理清非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中所作的成分以及它們之間的區(qū)別。現(xiàn)將兩大高頻考點(diǎn)總結(jié)如下:
考點(diǎn)一 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)
1.不定式作目的狀語(yǔ):有時(shí)用in order to或so as to, 但 so as to不能置于句首。如:
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent .
【考題】(2015北京21)______the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
A. Catching. B. Caught.
C. To catch. D. Catch
【解析】選C。句意:為了趕上早班的飛機(jī),我們提前叫了出租車并且起得很早。這里邏輯主語(yǔ)是we,空中用不定式作目的狀語(yǔ),表示提前叫出租車。
2.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞?ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生;having done表示先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作,表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義用having been done?,F(xiàn)在分詞可作時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、結(jié)果、讓步等狀語(yǔ)。如:
Having lived with the girl for 5 years, we all know her very well.
【考題】(2016蘇北四市聯(lián)考)_____________ in the adult ceremony, the senior students feel they are shouldering heavier responsibilities now.
A. Swear B. Sworn
C. Having sworn D. To have sworn
【解析】選C。句意:經(jīng)過成人儀式的宣誓,這些高中生覺得現(xiàn)在他們肩負(fù)著更重的責(zé)任。兩個(gè)句子共用一個(gè)主語(yǔ)the senior students,并且“宣誓”這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在feel之前,故用having done形式。
3.過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)。
(1)過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)與主句的主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系(即被動(dòng)關(guān)系),如:
Attracted by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
(2)分詞短語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)意義,而是由一些含be動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換而來(lái)。常見短語(yǔ)有:be dressed in, be determined to do, be absorbed/buried/lost in, be addicted to, be devoted/ dedicated to等。如:Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
【考題】(2015重慶6)___________in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.
A. Being raised B. Raising
C. Raised D. To raise
【解析】選C。句意:由于在格拉斯哥最窮的地方長(zhǎng)大,他要想成為足球明星還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走。根據(jù)句意可知raise這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是he,他在這個(gè)地方長(zhǎng)大(被撫養(yǎng)長(zhǎng)大),兩者之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系所以用ed形式,故選C。
考點(diǎn)二 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作后置定語(yǔ)
1.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)?,F(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)與它修飾的名詞之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系(即主動(dòng)關(guān)系),通常表示動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。如:
When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door reading(=which read) “Sorry to miss you, I will call you later”.
2.過去分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)。及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)與它修飾的名詞之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,通常表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)和完成。如:
Prices of goods bought(that are bought)through a computer can be lower than store prices.
【考題】(2014重慶5)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras _______ to our shop for quality problems.
A.turning B. returned
C. to turn D. to be returned
【解析】選B。句意:這位生產(chǎn)商經(jīng)常過來(lái)收集因?yàn)橘|(zhì)量問題被退還的相機(jī)。本句中的動(dòng)詞return與前面的名詞cameras構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以使用過去分詞短語(yǔ)在句中做定語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾cameras,相當(dāng)于which are returned ….,故B正確。
我們平時(shí)在學(xué)習(xí)和備考中,也要采取科學(xué)高效的方法。比如,做題時(shí)可以在句中將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞標(biāo)出來(lái),從而判斷出該題可能考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,進(jìn)而分析空格處在句中所作成分,這樣才能準(zhǔn)確快速完成解題。