刊首語

全球正面臨著日益嚴峻的環(huán)境與生存問題：如不斷上升的海平面；受到侵蝕的海岸與淡水資源；氣候變暖和增多的極端天氣；破碎化的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)；增加的內陸洪水、城市內澇風險等，風景園林師該如何積極尋求應對這些挑戰(zhàn)的全新設計途徑，以實現可持續(xù)的詩意棲居？

基礎設施（infra-structure）這個詞最早出現在幾個世紀前的軍事規(guī)劃中，但直到1927年，美國用來描述密西西比河巨大的洪水時才第一次正式使用，用來記錄糧食安全、排水系統(tǒng)、地面交通、能源儲備、國土防御等對于社會和經濟的基礎支撐作用。

把綠色（Green）與基礎設施（Infrastructure）合起來使用，組成綠色基礎設施（GI），拓展了學科新領域，使綠色空間支撐城市生活的作用顯著提升。在此之前，基礎設施的概念幾乎被等同于市政（灰色）基礎設施，GI的提出也完善了基礎設施的范疇。

人工干預自然系統(tǒng)作為基礎設施的觀念出現已久，而“綠色基礎設施”概念正式出現是在 20 世紀90 年代中期，主要受奧姆斯特德的公園系統(tǒng)思想，以及生物學家建立生態(tài)保護網絡以減少生境破碎化概念的影響，強調了由自然環(huán)境決定土地使用，突出自然環(huán)境的“生命支撐”（life support）功能，將城市與社區(qū)發(fā)展融入自然，建立系統(tǒng)性生態(tài)網絡結構。

不同于傳統(tǒng)基礎設施不可見、靜態(tài)和使用壽命有限、造價昂貴的特點，綠色基礎設施主要是通過水、植物、土壤、地形以及公共空間（社會基礎設施）等風景園林要素，構建可見、動態(tài)、彈性以及自我可持續(xù)發(fā)展的系統(tǒng)，真正實現經濟、生態(tài)和社會的均衡發(fā)展。

綠色基礎設施相關理念進入到我國已有近10年的時間，但僅有概念是不夠的，風景園林作為致力于建成環(huán)境的學科，任何理論與概念的最終目標是指導實踐。如何把綠色基礎設施與我國傳統(tǒng)營造智慧、當代城市管理政策、規(guī)劃設計、建構技術等不同層面相適應，并具有可操作性是我們需要深入研究與思考的?？上驳氖墙陙韽男袠I(yè)主管層面逐步推出的海綿城市、綠道網絡等均可列入到GI范疇，使得綠色基礎設施從理論上升到城市戰(zhàn)略層面，具備了在可操作階段進行實踐探索的基礎。

我國正處于新型城鎮(zhèn)化的關鍵時期，GI 理論與實踐對于基礎設施建設、土地生態(tài)利用等具有重要意義，這或許能夠成為應對當代環(huán)境危機、實現可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一個新途徑。在此背景下，本期集結數位優(yōu)秀風景園林工作者的研究成果，以期促進學界對綠色基礎設施在我國應用的深入討論和思考。

編輯部2015年5月15日

PREFACE

The world is facing increasingly serious environmental and survival issues， for example， the rising sea levels，erosion of coastal and freshwater resources， climate change and increased extreme weather， fragmentation of ecosystems， increased inland flooding and urban waterlogging risk etc. As a landscape architect， how do we seek new design methods to address these challenges in order to achieve sustainable poetic dwelling？

The word “Infra-structure” first appeared in military planning a few centuries ago. It was until 1927 that“Infra-structure” was used for the first time to describe the social and economic fundamental roles of the food safety， drainage system， road traffic， energy reserves and territory defense in the huge floods in Mississippi River.

When “Green” and “Infrastructure” are combined together as green infrastructure， it has advanced the new frontiers of the discipline and increased the role of green space in supporting urban life. Before that， the concept of infrastructure was regarded as civil （grey） infrastructure. Therefore， the proposal of green infrastructure also has improved the realm of infrastructure.

Human's intervention on nature system as the concept of infrastructure has existed for a long time. The concept of green infrastructure formerly appeared in the mid-90s of the 20th century. It was influenced by Olmsted's idea of park system and the eco-conservation network established by biologists to reduce habit fragmentation. The concept of green infrastructure emphasizes that the land use should be decided by nature environment and highlights the life support functions of nature environment which will integrate the development of city and communities into nature and create a systematic econetwork structure.

Unlike the traditional infrastructure that are invisible，motionless， limited service life and expensive cost，green infrastructure can create a visible， dynamic，flexible and sustainable system by landscape architecture elements such as water， plants， soil， topology and public space （social infrastructure） ， to achieve a harmonious development of economy， ecology and society.

It has been nearly ten years since the theory of green infrastructure was introduced to China. But only concept and theory are not enough. As a discipline that is dedicated to creating a better environment， the main goal of any theory and concept of landscape architecture is to provide guidance for practice. Therefore， it is necessary for us to think and study how to adapt green infrastructure to the modern urban management policy， planning and design methods and construction techniques and make green infrastructure operational. Fortunately， we are happy to see that the concept of sponge city and greenway network proposed by the administrative departments of this field can be listed into the category of green infrastructure， which will make green infrastructure arise from the theory level to an urban strategy level and lay the foundation for practice and experiment.

China is at a key period of new urbanization. The theory and practice of green infrastructure is significant to the construction of infrastructure and land ecouse. It may become a new approach to address the current environment issues and achieve a sustainable development. Under this background ， this issue of Landscape Architecture presents a collection of research achievement of excellent landscape architects， which will encourage a further discussion and thinking of the application of green infrastructure in the fields of landscape architecture.

Editorial Department May 15， 2015