陳磊
[摘要] 目的 探討羅哌卡因腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉(CSEA)在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中的有效性和安全性。 方法 選擇行剖宮產(chǎn)患者80例,40例采用0.75%羅哌卡因1.5 mL +10%葡萄糖1.0 mL(A組);40例采用0.75%布比卡因1.5 mL+10%葡萄糖1.0 mL(B組)。用改良Bromage評定阻滯及觀察其不良反應(yīng)。 結(jié)果 羅哌卡因組感覺運動阻滯起效時間和最大運動阻滯時間分別為(54.8±31.5)s,(166.0±81.5)s,(14.1±3.8)s,明顯長于布比卡因組(P<0.05);運動恢復(fù)時間為(1.91±0.45),明顯短于布比卡因組(P<0.05)。羅哌卡因組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為25.0%,明顯低于布比卡因組的42.5%(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 羅哌卡因CSEA用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)是一種安全、有效的麻醉方法。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 羅哌卡因;布比卡因;腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉;阻滯
[中圖分類號] R4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-0742(2014)07(a)-0094-02
新型長效局麻藥羅哌卡因是一種酰胺類麻醉藥物,具有中樞神經(jīng)、心臟毒性小和感覺運動神經(jīng)分離阻滯等特點而應(yīng)用于臨床[1]。腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉是婦產(chǎn)科麻醉的方向,綜合腰麻和硬膜外麻醉,具備藥物用量少和并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點[2]。選取2012年2月—2014年2月來該院行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)的80例育齡婦女,旨在比較腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉下羅哌卡因與布比卡因在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中的有效性和安全性,為剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)篩選更為理想的局麻藥物,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
來該院行剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)的80例育齡婦女,均為初次單胎,年齡21~38歲,平均年齡(27.6±5.4)歲,體重為39~110 kg,ASA為Ⅱ級,隨機(jī)雙盲法將患者分成羅哌卡因和布比卡因治療兩組,各組40例。排除術(shù)前對局麻藥過敏及其它不良反應(yīng)、局部系統(tǒng)性疾病的患者。羅哌卡因組的平均年齡(27.2±4.8)歲,體重為(63±8.9)kg;羅哌卡因組的平均年齡(28.0±4.5)歲,體重為(64±7.9)kg,兩組患者在年齡、體重上差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
1.2 方法
羅哌卡因和布比卡因治療均采用等比重給藥:0.75%羅哌卡因1.5 mL +10%葡萄糖1.0 mL;0.75%布比卡因1.5 mL+10%葡萄糖1.0 mL。患者麻醉前開通靜脈通道,20 min內(nèi)輸注乳酸鈉林格氏液10 mL/min快速擴(kuò)容?;颊呷∽髠?cè)臥位,選L3~4間隙穿刺入蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔抽取腦脊液,1 min內(nèi)緩慢注射完麻藥2.5 ml,再向頭側(cè)方向置硬膜外導(dǎo)管2~3 cm后退出穿刺針,固定后取仰臥位并搖手術(shù)床使身體保持輕度左斜位測試麻醉平面。麻醉啟動后測1次血壓/min,術(shù)中1次血壓/5 min,若收縮壓<90 mmHg靜脈注射麻黃素5~ 15 mg;若心率<60次/min,靜注阿托品0.25~0.5 mg。
1.3 臨測指標(biāo)
采用改良Bromage評定運動阻滯和觀察患者的不良反應(yīng)。給藥5 min內(nèi)測定1 次/min,5 min后測定1 次/5 min到手術(shù)結(jié)束:感覺阻滯起效時間(患者出現(xiàn)下肢發(fā)麻,發(fā)脹等感覺的時間)、運動阻滯起效時間(患者出現(xiàn)下肢沉重,無力抬腿的時間)、最大阻滯時間(患者出現(xiàn)下肢無知覺的時間)、最大運動阻滯時間(患者出現(xiàn)完全不能抬腿的時間)、運動恢復(fù)時間(患者恢復(fù)能自主抬腿的時間)?;颊卟涣挤磻?yīng)的觀察:血壓下降,心率減慢,惡心嘔吐,術(shù)后頭痛等不良反應(yīng)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計方法
計量資料數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,兩兩比較采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗,用SPSS 16.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 羅哌卡因組與布比卡因組感覺運動阻滯比較
兩組患者麻醉效果均較滿意,能滿足手術(shù)要求。與布比卡因組比較,羅哌卡因組的感覺阻滯起效時間,運動阻滯起效時間和最大運動阻滯時間明顯延長(P<0.05),運動恢復(fù)時間明顯縮短,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。在最大阻滯時間比較,羅哌卡因組與布比卡因組差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
3 討論
腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉是一種兼有腰麻和硬膜外麻醉優(yōu)點的新椎管內(nèi)麻醉技術(shù),具有藥量少、起效時間迅速、作用效果好、肌松良好、無手術(shù)時間限制、平面可控性強,生命體征平穩(wěn)及術(shù)后便于鎮(zhèn)痛等特點。無論是在起效時間和阻滯情況均優(yōu)于兩者的單獨采用,提高術(shù)中麻醉質(zhì)量,保證了較好的安全性[3]。
目前臨床上廣泛使用的酰胺類局麻藥布比卡因具有麻醉強度大,作用時間長,運動和感覺阻滯分離良好等優(yōu)點,但最大不足是其具有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和心臟毒性,可引起低血壓、心血管抑制、室性心動過速、房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯、室顫、室性自搏心律和危及生命的心律失常,并且其毒性呈突然性[4]。羅哌卡因是最新研制的一種新型長效酰胺類局麻醉藥,是以丙基代替布比卡因哌啶環(huán)的第3位氮原子,是布比卡因的S-映像體。通過靜脈輸注式試驗證實其中樞神經(jīng)和心臟毒性明顯低于布比卡因,其作用持續(xù)時間長,代謝通過芳香羥基化作用排出體外[5]。有研究表明羅哌卡因的心肌毒性低微,可能與抑制鈉離子通道而降低心肌的興奮性與傳導(dǎo)有關(guān),因此在臨床上有羅哌卡因有替代布比卡因的趨勢,但超大劑量也會引起不良反應(yīng)[6]。羅哌卡因在離體動物研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)感覺阻滯與運動阻滯高度分離,高濃度下也可產(chǎn)生深度的感覺和運動神經(jīng)阻滯,低濃度時,幾乎只產(chǎn)生感覺神經(jīng)阻滯[7]。羅哌卡因相對布比卡因脂溶性較低,各研究中使用的局部麻醉藥劑量不一,但均未出現(xiàn)毒性反應(yīng),該研究應(yīng)用0.75%羅哌卡因1.5 mL也未發(fā)現(xiàn)患者出現(xiàn)毒性反應(yīng)。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)羅哌卡因組的感覺阻滯起效時間和最大運動阻滯時間分別為(54.8±31.5)s,(166.0±81.5)s,(14.1±3.8)s,晚于布比卡因組(P<0.05);運動恢復(fù)時間為(1.91±0.45),明顯短于布比卡因組(P<0.05)。羅哌卡因組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為25.0%,明顯低于布比卡因組的42.5%(P<0.05)。與國外報道一致[8],能使麻醉后運動神經(jīng)阻滯較輕,使平面肌肉保持適當(dāng)張力,以減少靜脈回流對心輸出量的影響[8];而運動恢復(fù)時間長于布比卡因,有利于患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)活動。從不良反應(yīng)來看,羅哌卡因組不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率明顯低于布比卡因組,與低于國內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)報道,可能與對象選擇和病情有關(guān)[9]。endprint
綜上所述,羅哌卡因與布比卡因相比具有感覺-運動阻滯分離程度高、心血管毒性低、不良應(yīng)少,在CSEA下用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)是一種安全、有效的局麻藥。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Cai XY, Xiong LM, Yang SH, et al. Comparison of toxicity effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro[J]. Spine J, 2014, 14(3): 483-490.
[2] Lonner J. Role of liposomal bupivacaine in pain management after total joint arthroplasty[J]. J Surg Orthop Adv, 2014, 23(1): 37-41.
[3] Bleckner L, Solla C, Fileta BB, et al. Serum free ropivacaine concentrations among patients receiving continuous peripheral nerve block catheters: is it safe for long-term infusions[J]. Anesth Analg, 2014, 118(1): 225-229.
[4] Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, et al. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial[J]. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(1): 37-47.
[5] Wilson SH, Auroux AS, Eloy JD, et al. Ropivacaine 0.1% versus 0.2% for continuous lumbar plexus nerve block infusions following total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double blinded study[J]. Pain Med, 2014, 15(3): 465-72.
[6] Thomassen BJ, Touw D, van der Woude P, et al. Safety of blood reinfusion after local infiltration analgesia with ropivacaine in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 52(2): 135-142.
[7] Niknam F, Saxena A, Niles N, et al. Does irrigation of the subdiaphragmatic region with ropivacaine reduce the incidence of right shoulder tip pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy A prospective randomized, double-blind, controlled study[J]. Am Surg, 2014, 80(1): E17-E18.
[8] Yoshida T, Fujiwara T, Furutani K, et al. Effects of ropivacaine concentration on the spread of sensory block produced by continuous thoracic paravertebral block: a prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind study[J]. Anaesthesia, 2014, 69(3): 231-239.
[9] 何鞠穎, 閔龍秋, 李守莉,等. 不同濃度羅哌卡因等比重腰麻用于剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的比較[J]. 實用婦產(chǎn)科雜志, 2009, 25(2): 100-102.
(收稿日期:2014-04-01)endprint
綜上所述,羅哌卡因與布比卡因相比具有感覺-運動阻滯分離程度高、心血管毒性低、不良應(yīng)少,在CSEA下用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)是一種安全、有效的局麻藥。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Cai XY, Xiong LM, Yang SH, et al. Comparison of toxicity effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro[J]. Spine J, 2014, 14(3): 483-490.
[2] Lonner J. Role of liposomal bupivacaine in pain management after total joint arthroplasty[J]. J Surg Orthop Adv, 2014, 23(1): 37-41.
[3] Bleckner L, Solla C, Fileta BB, et al. Serum free ropivacaine concentrations among patients receiving continuous peripheral nerve block catheters: is it safe for long-term infusions[J]. Anesth Analg, 2014, 118(1): 225-229.
[4] Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, et al. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial[J]. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(1): 37-47.
[5] Wilson SH, Auroux AS, Eloy JD, et al. Ropivacaine 0.1% versus 0.2% for continuous lumbar plexus nerve block infusions following total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double blinded study[J]. Pain Med, 2014, 15(3): 465-72.
[6] Thomassen BJ, Touw D, van der Woude P, et al. Safety of blood reinfusion after local infiltration analgesia with ropivacaine in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 52(2): 135-142.
[7] Niknam F, Saxena A, Niles N, et al. Does irrigation of the subdiaphragmatic region with ropivacaine reduce the incidence of right shoulder tip pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy A prospective randomized, double-blind, controlled study[J]. Am Surg, 2014, 80(1): E17-E18.
[8] Yoshida T, Fujiwara T, Furutani K, et al. Effects of ropivacaine concentration on the spread of sensory block produced by continuous thoracic paravertebral block: a prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind study[J]. Anaesthesia, 2014, 69(3): 231-239.
[9] 何鞠穎, 閔龍秋, 李守莉,等. 不同濃度羅哌卡因等比重腰麻用于剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的比較[J]. 實用婦產(chǎn)科雜志, 2009, 25(2): 100-102.
(收稿日期:2014-04-01)endprint
綜上所述,羅哌卡因與布比卡因相比具有感覺-運動阻滯分離程度高、心血管毒性低、不良應(yīng)少,在CSEA下用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)是一種安全、有效的局麻藥。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Cai XY, Xiong LM, Yang SH, et al. Comparison of toxicity effects of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on rabbit intervertebral disc cells in vitro[J]. Spine J, 2014, 14(3): 483-490.
[2] Lonner J. Role of liposomal bupivacaine in pain management after total joint arthroplasty[J]. J Surg Orthop Adv, 2014, 23(1): 37-41.
[3] Bleckner L, Solla C, Fileta BB, et al. Serum free ropivacaine concentrations among patients receiving continuous peripheral nerve block catheters: is it safe for long-term infusions[J]. Anesth Analg, 2014, 118(1): 225-229.
[4] Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, et al. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial[J]. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 39(1): 37-47.
[5] Wilson SH, Auroux AS, Eloy JD, et al. Ropivacaine 0.1% versus 0.2% for continuous lumbar plexus nerve block infusions following total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double blinded study[J]. Pain Med, 2014, 15(3): 465-72.
[6] Thomassen BJ, Touw D, van der Woude P, et al. Safety of blood reinfusion after local infiltration analgesia with ropivacaine in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2014, 52(2): 135-142.
[7] Niknam F, Saxena A, Niles N, et al. Does irrigation of the subdiaphragmatic region with ropivacaine reduce the incidence of right shoulder tip pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy A prospective randomized, double-blind, controlled study[J]. Am Surg, 2014, 80(1): E17-E18.
[8] Yoshida T, Fujiwara T, Furutani K, et al. Effects of ropivacaine concentration on the spread of sensory block produced by continuous thoracic paravertebral block: a prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind study[J]. Anaesthesia, 2014, 69(3): 231-239.
[9] 何鞠穎, 閔龍秋, 李守莉,等. 不同濃度羅哌卡因等比重腰麻用于剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的比較[J]. 實用婦產(chǎn)科雜志, 2009, 25(2): 100-102.
(收稿日期:2014-04-01)endprint