楊余沙+++++李景蘇
[摘要] 目的 探討抗菌薇喬線以及皮下放置負壓引流管用于預(yù)防闌尾切除術(shù)切口感染的臨床效果。方法 選取闌尾切除術(shù)患者540例,隨機分為兩組,其中對照組266例,觀察組274例。對照組患者皮下放置負壓引流;觀察組患者在對照組基礎(chǔ)上加用抗菌薇喬線。結(jié)果 觀察組患者切口感染率、脂肪液化率均明顯低于對照組,換藥次數(shù)明顯少于對照組,拆線時間、抗生素使用時間、住院時間均明顯短于對照組,瘢痕寬度明顯小于對照組;甲級愈合率明顯高于對照組;基本無痛者明顯少于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 使用抗菌薇喬線及皮下放置負壓引流管可以有效預(yù)防闌尾切除術(shù)切口感染,促進術(shù)后切口愈合。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 抗菌薇喬線;負壓引流;闌尾炎;切口感染
[中圖分類號] R656.8[文獻標識碼] B[文章編號] 1673-9701(2014)15-0116-03
Clinical research on antibacterial vicryl rapide and placing negative pressure drainage under skin preventing incision infection of appendicectomy
YANG Yusha1 LI Jingsu2
1.Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital in Zhejiang Pravince, Taizhou 318000,China; 2.Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Hospital of Jingdezhen City in Jiangxi Province, Jingdezhen 415000,China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the clinical effect of antibacterial vicryl rapide and placing negative pressure drainage under skin preventing incision infection of appendicectomy. Methods A total of 540 cases with appendicectomy were selected and divided into two groups randomly, the control group of 266 cases and the observation group of 247 cases. The control group was treated with placing negative pressure drainage under skin, and the observation group was treated with antibacterial vicryl rapide based on the control group. Results The incision infection rate and fat liquefaction rate of the observation group were evidently lower than that of the control group, the dressing times was evidently less than that of the control group, the stitches time, antibiotic use time and length of stay were evidently shorter than that of the control group, the scar width was evidently less than that of the control group, and the Class-A healing rate was evidently higher than that of the control group. The number without pain was evidently less than that of the control group. The difference was evident between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Applying antibacterial vicryl rapide and placing negative pressure drainage under skin can effectively prevent incision infection of appendicectomy and promote the healing of incision after operation.
[Key words] Antibacterial vicryl rapide; Negative pressure drainage; Appendicitis; Incision infection切口感染是外科手術(shù)常見的并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率高達5%~20%,不僅增加了患者的痛苦和治療費用,而且影響傷口愈合,甚至導(dǎo)致手術(shù)失敗。因此采取適當?shù)拇胧╊A(yù)防術(shù)后感染有著重要的臨床意義。普外科傷口根據(jù)污染情況分為3類,其中一類為清潔傷口,感染幾率很低;二類為可能污染傷口,感染率略高;三類傷口以闌尾炎手術(shù)切口為代表,本身就存在污染,感染率相對較高,加上手術(shù)導(dǎo)致的局部血腫以及縫合線結(jié)反應(yīng)都有可能引起局部組織引流不暢而發(fā)生感染[1]。特別是闌尾炎穿孔患者,術(shù)后感染率高達30%,主要表現(xiàn)為術(shù)后2~3 d體溫升高,切口局部腫脹和疼痛,增加了患者的痛苦。本研究通過對274例闌尾切除術(shù)患者實施抗菌薇喬線縫合聯(lián)合皮下負壓引流預(yù)防切口感染取得了不錯的效果,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1臨床資料
選取2011年10月~2013年5月間我院收治的闌尾炎手術(shù)患者540例,隨機分為兩組,其中對照組266例,男132例,女134例;年齡20~72歲,平均(51.37±5.69)歲;急性化膿性闌尾炎177例,壞疽性闌尾炎89例,其中穿孔32例;BMI指數(shù)(22~28)kg/m2,平均(25.18±2.30)kg/m2;合并糖尿病28例。觀察組274例,男136例,女138例;年齡20~75歲,平均(52.06±6.14)歲;急性化膿性闌尾炎181例,壞疽性闌尾炎93例,其中穿孔39例;BMI指數(shù)(22~29)kg/m2,平均(25.36±2.42)kg/m2;合并糖尿病29例。所有患者均符合闌尾炎診斷標準,有明顯轉(zhuǎn)移性右下腹疼痛,部分患者伴有反跳痛,行實驗室檢查可見白細胞水平和中性粒細胞計數(shù)均升高,行B超檢查可見右下腹腫大闌尾,排除其他系統(tǒng)嚴重疾病及妊娠期及孕期女性。兩組患者在性別、年齡、闌尾炎分類以及合并癥等方面均無明顯差異,具有可比性(P>0.05)。
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1.2方法
術(shù)前常規(guī)予抗生素控制感染,做麥氏切口或右下腹腹直肌探查切口。開腹時首先做一個小的腹膜切口,將腹腔內(nèi)膿液吸干凈之后再擴大,外翻腹膜,將其固定在治療巾上,對切口進行妥善保護。常規(guī)切除闌尾組織,使用普通絲線縫扎動脈并包埋殘端。反復(fù)沖洗切口,對照組和觀察組患者分別使用普通絲線和薇喬線縫合腹膜、腹壁,于切口下方3~4 cm處戳孔鏈接負壓瓶[2]。負壓瓶制作方法:在一次性輸血器管側(cè)壁制作多個側(cè)孔,大小約為(2×2)mm2。取250 mL玻璃空瓶以及三通帶卡管、20 mL注射器,使用注射器抽出瓶中少量空氣,使其成為負壓狀態(tài),制成可控負壓引流瓶。
1.3 觀察指標
觀察兩組患者切口感染數(shù)、脂肪液化數(shù)、換藥次數(shù)、平均拆線時間、抗生素使用時間、住院時間以及瘢痕寬度。根據(jù)臨床疾病診斷與療效判斷標準對兩組患者愈合情況進行評價:以切口平整、無紅腫和硬結(jié)為甲級愈合;以切口紅腫有硬結(jié)或者部分切口裂開為乙級愈合;以切口完全裂開為丙級愈合。對兩組患者切口情況進行評價:以感覺良好、無特別不適為基本無痛;以不需要止疼藥物即可忍受且對行走坐臥影響不大的疼痛為輕微疼痛;以使用止痛藥物可以緩解、對行走坐臥影響不大為中度疼痛;以止痛藥物也難以緩解的疼痛為重度疼痛。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 13.0軟件進行分析,計量資料采用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1 臨床觀察指標
觀察組患者切口感染率、脂肪液化率均明顯低于對照組,換藥次數(shù)明顯少于對照組,拆線時間、抗生素使用時間、住院時間均明顯短于對照組,瘢痕寬度明顯小于對照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 切口愈合情況
觀察組患者甲級愈合率明顯高于對照組,兩組比較差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
表2 兩組患者切口愈合情況比較[n(%)]
2.3 疼痛情況
觀察組患者基本無痛者明顯少于對照組,兩組比較差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
表3 兩組患者切口疼痛情況比較[n(%)]
3討論
外科手術(shù)切口的感染與多種因素相關(guān),其中既有患者自身條件,又包括手術(shù)的環(huán)境、操作等。普外科手術(shù)切口分為三類,其中一為清潔切口,發(fā)生感染幾率很低;二為可能存在污染的切口,發(fā)生感染幾率較低;三指存在污染的切口,有較高的感染幾率,闌尾炎手術(shù)切口是其典型代表[3]。特別是壞疽及穿孔性闌尾炎患者、合并肥胖或者是營養(yǎng)狀況較差者,均會增加感染幾率。
導(dǎo)致闌尾切除術(shù)切口感染的因素很多,多由于腹腔存在較為嚴重的污染,術(shù)中處理不徹底,導(dǎo)致病原菌殘留,并在切口種植所致[4],加上術(shù)中動作粗暴加重了局部組織的損傷,或者是縫合時組織層次未能良好對合形成死腔,均會影響傷口的愈合,導(dǎo)致感染。
通過負壓對切口的“向心”拉力,促進局部組織血液循環(huán),有利于壞死物質(zhì)吸收。持續(xù)負壓吸引,可以將創(chuàng)面以及潛在腔隙的滲液徹底引出,避免滲液在皮下積聚,從而保證了創(chuàng)面潔凈,有利于組織消腫和肉芽組織生成[5-7]。從而有效縮短病程。同時持續(xù)負壓吸引保證了切口的良好對合,隨著引流液被引出,引流腔內(nèi)陷,防止了死腔形成,也減少了病原菌的藏身之所。而且在引流期間,無需經(jīng)常更換敷料,從而可以有效減少患者的痛苦[8-10]。以預(yù)防切口感染為目的的引流,在進行引流時應(yīng)充分避免脂肪液化或者是滲液在皮下組織內(nèi)發(fā)生積聚而形成感染。充分負壓引流依賴于管道良好的密閉性。因此在放置引流管后要保證最后一個引流孔也位于切口內(nèi),然后以小紗布對引流管置入位置以及傷口位置進行遮蓋,在負壓吸引時紗布可以輕輕凹陷,緊緊貼合于皮膚。如果引流物較多,則應(yīng)考慮增加一根引流管用于沖洗,使引流更加充分,促進康復(fù)[9,11,12]。
此外,以往所使用的普通絲線在切口內(nèi)不可吸收,如果線結(jié)在手術(shù)的過程中受到腹腔內(nèi)病原菌的污染就會一直存留于皮下,成為感染的根源[13-16]??咕眴叹€具有可吸收和抗菌雙重作用。該線在涂層中加入高純度的三氯生化合物,而這種物質(zhì)具有廣譜殺菌作用,已經(jīng)在臨床上廣泛應(yīng)用超過30年[16-18]。在體外實驗中抗菌薇喬線對金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌等多種細菌均有抑制作用[18]。由于該物質(zhì)并不屬于抗生素,僅僅是一種殺菌防腐劑,因此并不會產(chǎn)生耐藥性。而且抗菌薇喬線具有可吸收特性,在術(shù)后最初的40 d縫線幾乎不被吸收,而在56~70 d時縫線可以完全吸收[19-21]。此外,抗菌薇喬線表層所涂物質(zhì)含有的聚糖乳酸370以及硬脂酸鈣,使其在打結(jié)時更加流暢和平穩(wěn),且準確定位,減少了對組織的損傷,也避免了異物留存于切口。雖然使用了抗菌薇喬線,在進行縫合時仍然要掌握縫合的技巧??p合過松、過緊或者過淺都有可能影響到切口的愈合,而增加切口感染的幾率[22,23]。
在本研究中,我們對闌尾切除術(shù)患者在使用負壓吸引的基礎(chǔ)上加用抗菌薇喬線進行縫合,患者切口感染率、脂肪液化率明顯降低,換藥次數(shù)明顯減少,拆線時間、抗生素使用時間、住院時間明顯縮短,瘢痕也縮小,促進了傷口的愈合,也減輕了患者的痛苦。因此我們認為使用抗菌薇喬線及皮下放置負壓引流管可有效預(yù)防闌尾切除術(shù)切口感染,促進術(shù)后切口愈合。
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(收稿日期:2013-11-12)
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[8]文坤明,曾慶良,馮國麗,等. 抗菌薇喬縫線預(yù)防胃腸急診手術(shù)切口感染的臨床研究[J]. 中國普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志,2011,18(9):969-972.
[9]潘屹,常瑞,魏正強,等. 用抗菌薇喬縫線行內(nèi)減張縫合在胃腸手術(shù)傷口的運用[J]. 重慶醫(yī)學,2013,42(15):1711-1712,1716.
[10]梁朝陽,唐建周,黃俊敏,等. 薇喬抗菌縫線體外打ROEDER結(jié)在腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J]. 中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報,2012,9(11):183-184,186.
[11]喬龍飛,牛躍平,任瀟毅,等. 抗菌薇喬線及皮下放置負壓引流管預(yù)防闌尾切除術(shù)切口感染臨床分析[J]. 中國實用醫(yī)藥,2013,8(21):103-104.
[12]劉卓志,楊芳,李忠禮,等. 可吸收抗菌縫合線用于腹壁切口難愈竇道的體會[J]. 中國中西醫(yī)結(jié)合急救雜志,2010,17(5):3170.
[13]王梅芬,張龍炯. 皮下放置負壓引流管應(yīng)用于剖宮產(chǎn)切口的效果觀察[J]. 中外女性健康(下半月),2013,(1):150.
[14]楊慶菊. 皮下放置引流管預(yù)防腹壁切口脂肪液化[J]. 中國社區(qū)醫(yī)師(醫(yī)學專業(yè)),2012,14(4):171.
[15]Bhutani T,Jacob SE. Triclosan: A potential allergen in suture-line allergic contact dermatitis[J]. Dermatologic Surgery,2009,35(5):888-889.
[16]Lim JS,Yoo G. Modification of a closed-suction drainage tube using Foley catheter[J]. ANZ Journal of Surgery,2010,80(10):761.
[17]McCormack T.T.,Abel P.D.,Collins C.D. Abdominal drainage following cholecystectomy: High, low or no suction[J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl,1983,65(5):326-328.
[18]Hiroshi Yoshida,Yasuhiro Mamada,Nobuhiko Taniai. Placement of percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent using a silicone drain with channels[J]. World Journal Gastroenterology,2009,15(33):4201-4203.
[19]Rajesh Ramanathan,Luke G Wolfe,Therese M Duane,et al. Initial suction evacuation of traumatic hemothoraces: A novel approach to decreasing chest tube duration and complications[J]. American Surgeon,2012,78(8):883-887.
[20]Alessandro Brunelli,Egidio Beretta,Stephen Cassivi,et al. Consensus definitions to promote an evidence-based approach to management of the pleural space. A collaborative proposal by ESTS,AATS,STS and GTSC[J]. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery,2011,40(2):291-297.
[21]Russo Sebastian G,Cremer Stephan,Galli Tamara. Randomized comparison of the i-gel, the LMA Supreme,and the Laryngeal Tube Suction-D using clinical and fibreoptic assessments in elective patients[J]. BMC Anesthesiology,2013,12(1):18.
[22]Guden M,Korkmaz AA,Onan B, et al. Subxiphoid versus intercostal chest tubes: Comparison of postoperative pain and pulmonary morbidities after coronary artery bypass grafting[J]. Texas Heart Institute Journal,2012,39(4):507-512.
[23]Bart Peeters,Raf Dewil. Polyelectrolyte flocculation of Waste Activated Sludge in decanter centrifuge applications: Lab evaluation by a centrifugal compaction test[J]. Environmental Engineering Science,2011,28(11):765-773.
(收稿日期:2013-11-12)
endprint
[8]文坤明,曾慶良,馮國麗,等. 抗菌薇喬縫線預(yù)防胃腸急診手術(shù)切口感染的臨床研究[J]. 中國普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志,2011,18(9):969-972.
[9]潘屹,常瑞,魏正強,等. 用抗菌薇喬縫線行內(nèi)減張縫合在胃腸手術(shù)傷口的運用[J]. 重慶醫(yī)學,2013,42(15):1711-1712,1716.
[10]梁朝陽,唐建周,黃俊敏,等. 薇喬抗菌縫線體外打ROEDER結(jié)在腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J]. 中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報,2012,9(11):183-184,186.
[11]喬龍飛,牛躍平,任瀟毅,等. 抗菌薇喬線及皮下放置負壓引流管預(yù)防闌尾切除術(shù)切口感染臨床分析[J]. 中國實用醫(yī)藥,2013,8(21):103-104.
[12]劉卓志,楊芳,李忠禮,等. 可吸收抗菌縫合線用于腹壁切口難愈竇道的體會[J]. 中國中西醫(yī)結(jié)合急救雜志,2010,17(5):3170.
[13]王梅芬,張龍炯. 皮下放置負壓引流管應(yīng)用于剖宮產(chǎn)切口的效果觀察[J]. 中外女性健康(下半月),2013,(1):150.
[14]楊慶菊. 皮下放置引流管預(yù)防腹壁切口脂肪液化[J]. 中國社區(qū)醫(yī)師(醫(yī)學專業(yè)),2012,14(4):171.
[15]Bhutani T,Jacob SE. Triclosan: A potential allergen in suture-line allergic contact dermatitis[J]. Dermatologic Surgery,2009,35(5):888-889.
[16]Lim JS,Yoo G. Modification of a closed-suction drainage tube using Foley catheter[J]. ANZ Journal of Surgery,2010,80(10):761.
[17]McCormack T.T.,Abel P.D.,Collins C.D. Abdominal drainage following cholecystectomy: High, low or no suction[J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl,1983,65(5):326-328.
[18]Hiroshi Yoshida,Yasuhiro Mamada,Nobuhiko Taniai. Placement of percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent using a silicone drain with channels[J]. World Journal Gastroenterology,2009,15(33):4201-4203.
[19]Rajesh Ramanathan,Luke G Wolfe,Therese M Duane,et al. Initial suction evacuation of traumatic hemothoraces: A novel approach to decreasing chest tube duration and complications[J]. American Surgeon,2012,78(8):883-887.
[20]Alessandro Brunelli,Egidio Beretta,Stephen Cassivi,et al. Consensus definitions to promote an evidence-based approach to management of the pleural space. A collaborative proposal by ESTS,AATS,STS and GTSC[J]. European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery,2011,40(2):291-297.
[21]Russo Sebastian G,Cremer Stephan,Galli Tamara. Randomized comparison of the i-gel, the LMA Supreme,and the Laryngeal Tube Suction-D using clinical and fibreoptic assessments in elective patients[J]. BMC Anesthesiology,2013,12(1):18.
[22]Guden M,Korkmaz AA,Onan B, et al. Subxiphoid versus intercostal chest tubes: Comparison of postoperative pain and pulmonary morbidities after coronary artery bypass grafting[J]. Texas Heart Institute Journal,2012,39(4):507-512.
[23]Bart Peeters,Raf Dewil. Polyelectrolyte flocculation of Waste Activated Sludge in decanter centrifuge applications: Lab evaluation by a centrifugal compaction test[J]. Environmental Engineering Science,2011,28(11):765-773.
(收稿日期:2013-11-12)
endprint