劉新葉+楊東偉+程勇+劉敏+池豪
[摘要] 目的 建立負壓吸引激發(fā)兔頸總動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂,建立破裂斑塊模型。 方法 將30只健康雄性新西蘭白兔隨機分為3組,分別為對照組(n=10)、高脂飼養(yǎng)組(n=10)和球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組(n=10)。飼養(yǎng)8周后,彩色多普勒超聲測量頸總動脈內(nèi)徑、內(nèi)-中膜厚度(IMT)及頸動脈血流速度等,評估動脈IMT與動脈粥樣硬化程度的關系。采用“腔外負壓”法誘導斑塊破裂并處死動物,觀察誘發(fā)斑塊破裂成功率,在肉眼及光鏡下觀察頸動脈內(nèi)膜形態(tài)特征。 結果 球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組、高脂飼養(yǎng)組的頸總動脈血流速度顯著快于對照組,IMT顯著厚于對照組,頸總動脈內(nèi)徑顯著短于對照組;球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組的頸總動脈內(nèi)徑顯著短于高脂飼養(yǎng)組,IMT顯著厚于高脂飼養(yǎng)組,頸總動脈血流速度顯著快于高脂飼養(yǎng)組(P<0.05)。球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組可見平滑肌細胞增生,脂質、炎癥細胞、泡沫細胞浸潤,符合不穩(wěn)定性斑塊特征,有8例誘發(fā)斑塊破裂,1例死亡;高脂飼養(yǎng)組可見內(nèi)膜下脂質沉積,炎癥細胞浸潤,但內(nèi)皮細胞完整,內(nèi)彈力板排列整齊,1例誘發(fā)斑塊破裂,無動物死亡;對照組內(nèi)皮細胞完整,中層平滑肌細胞排列整齊,無一例誘發(fā)斑塊破裂,無動物死亡。 結論 本實驗建立動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂模型成功率高,動物死亡率低,實驗操作簡便易行,為冠心病的生理、病理及藥物學效應方面研究提供了可靠的實驗平臺。
[關鍵詞] 兔;動物模型;頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊;負壓吸引法;激發(fā)
[中圖分類號] R743[文獻標識碼] A[文章編號] 1674-4721(2014)03(c)-0019-05
Establishment of model of carotid atherosclerosis plaque rupture in rabbits
LIU Xin-ye YANG Dong-wei▲ CHENG Yong LIU Min CHI Hao
Department of Cardiology,Zhengzhou Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450007,China
[Abstract] Objective To establish an animal model of plaque rupture by negative barometric pressure triggering carotid atherosclerosis plaque.Methods 30 healthy New Zealand white male rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups,including control group(n=10),high fat-diet group(n=10)and carotid lesion with balloon dilation and high fat-diet group(n=10).After 8 weeks,carotid artery diameterthe,intima-media thickness(IMT)and blood flow rate of carotids was measured respectively by color Doppler ultrasound,the relationship between IMT and the severity of atherosclerosis was evaluated.Plaque ruptures were triggered by negative pressures of extra-cavity,all rabbits were sacrificed.The success rate of plaque rupturethe was observed and carotid intima morphology was observed in the naked eye and the light microscope.Results Carotid artery blood flow velocity in high fat-diet group and carotid lesion with balloon dilation and high fat-diet group was significantly faster than that in control group respectively,IMT in high fat-diet group and carotid lesion with balloon dilation and high fat-diet group was significantly thicker than that in control group respectively,carotid artery diameterthe in high fat-diet group and carotid lesion with balloon dilation and high fat-diet group was significantly shorter than that in control group respectively(P<0.05).Carotid artery blood flow velocity in carotid lesion with balloon dilation and high fat-diet group was significantly faster than that in high fat-diet group,IMT in carotid lesion with balloon dilation and high fat-diet group was significantly thicker than that in high fat-diet group,carotid artery diameterthe in carotid lesion with balloon dilation and high fat-diet group was significantly shorter than that in high fat-diet group(P<0.05).The typical pathological changes of atherosclerosis,such as thickening of the carotid endomembrane,transmigration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells,lipidosis,inflammatory cell and foam cells infiltration,carotid arteries inner elastic force layer fracture,formations of atherosclerosis plaque were found in rabbits of carotid lesion with balloon dilation and high fat-diet group,and 8 rabbits were triggered by negative barometric pressure,only one rabbit dead.Deposition of lipid membrane,inflammatory cell infiltration,but the endothelial cells,internal elastic plate arranged in neat rows were seen in the high fat-diet group,1 case of induced plaque rupture,no animal death.Endothelial cell integrity,smooth muscle cells arranged in neat rows in control group,1 case without inducing plaque rupture,no animal death.Conclusion This study has been established a new method of atherosclerosis and plaque rupture of carotid atherosclerotic in rabbit of which would be setting a reliable research platform of coronary heart disease such as physiology,pathology and effects of drug.
[Key words] Rabbits;Animal model;Carotid atherosclerosis plaque;Negative barometric pressure;Trigger
隨著社會的進步和人民生活水平的提高,冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(冠心?。┮殉蔀槿祟惖摹暗谝粴⑹帧?,其中導致患者致殘或致死的原因是急性冠脈綜合征(ACS),ACS是由于冠狀動脈斑塊表面糜爛、裂紋或破裂導致血小板黏附,聚集,活化;同時激活凝血系統(tǒng)導致冠狀動脈內(nèi)的急性血栓形成,造成心肌細胞的損傷及壞死。研究破裂斑塊的特性及干預斑塊破裂導致的一系列病理生理過程成為當前的研究熱點。與人體其他組織不同,動脈是不可能取活檢的,因此,有關ACS的組織學研究基本依賴動物模型,建立動脈粥樣硬化破裂斑塊動物模型對研究ACS的發(fā)病機制、病理變化、診斷、治療及預防均有重要意義。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗材料
雄性新西蘭大白兔30只,體重2.0~2.5 kg,購自鄭州大學動物實驗中心,隨機分為3組,分別為對照組(n=10),高脂飼養(yǎng)組(n=10),球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組(n=10),均喂養(yǎng)8周。對照組飲食為普通顆?;A飼料,高脂飲食為基礎飼料+4%膽固醇+4%豬油,由鄭州大學動物實驗中心提供。
1.2 儀器與方法
1.2.1 彩色多普勒超聲檢查應用美國惠普Sonos 5500彩色多普勒超聲診斷儀,探頭頻率為7.0~11.0 MHz。所有實驗對象分別于術前1天和動物處死前1天空腹狀態(tài)下行彩色多普勒超聲檢查,測量兔左側頸總動脈內(nèi)徑、內(nèi)-中膜厚度(IMT)及頸動脈血流速度。將新西蘭大白兔放置于檢查臺,頭偏向檢查對側,充分暴露頸部,在胸鎖乳突肌前或后緣作橫切檢查,超聲探頭沿動脈走行向頭側輕輕移動,跨過頸動脈分叉處,仔細觀察血管內(nèi)膜情況及有無斑塊和鈣化,所有操作均由同一位超聲科高年資醫(yī)師完成。
1.2.2 動物模型的建立頸總動脈球囊損傷術:所有兔術前普通飼料適應性喂養(yǎng)3 d,術前禁食水6 h,腹腔注射氯胺酮(35 mg/kg),固定于手術臺,常規(guī)消毒,靜脈給予肝素鈉100 U/kg體重,沿頸部正中切開皮膚約5.0 cm,暴露并游離左側頸總動脈,分離左側頸內(nèi)、外動脈,臨時夾閉頸總動脈近心端及頸內(nèi)動脈,頸外動脈遠端結扎,球囊損傷組在距左頸總動脈分叉處約0.5 cm剪開一斜形切口,逆行插入直徑2.5 mm×10 mm球囊,連接壓力泵,膨至3個大氣壓,由近心端緩慢回拉并旋轉球囊,反復3次后撤出導管,結扎頸外動脈起始部,恢復頸總及頸內(nèi)動脈血流,縫合皮膚。所有動物放置于同一動物房進行飼養(yǎng)。飼養(yǎng)8周后采用血栓抽吸裝置對頸動脈斑塊進行腔外負壓吸引,負壓容量置于30 ml處、持續(xù)時間10 s負壓吸引,激發(fā)斑塊破裂,所有操作由同一實驗人員完成(圖1)。
A B C
DE F
圖1 兔頸動脈粥樣硬化模型的建立
A、C為新西蘭大白兔;B為球囊擴張器;D為分離頸動脈;E為球囊擴張頸動脈;F為激發(fā)斑塊破裂負壓吸引裝置
1.2.3 形態(tài)學分析常規(guī)消毒,麻醉,活體狀態(tài)下切開頸部皮膚及皮下組織,迅速取出左側頸總動脈,用冰生理鹽水洗凈殘血,濾紙吸干血管,剪掉血管周圍殘余組織,放入10%中性甲醛(磷酸鹽緩沖液配制)固定>24 h,流水沖洗,梯度酒精脫水,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,冠狀面連續(xù)切片,厚度4 μm,HE染色,中性樹脂封固,光學顯微鏡下觀察。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析和處理,計量資料以x±s表示,采用方差分析,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 3組激發(fā)斑塊破裂情況的比較
對照組10例,0例(0%)激發(fā)粥樣斑塊破裂;高脂飼養(yǎng)組10例,1例(10%)激發(fā)粥樣硬化斑塊破裂成功;球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組10例,1例術后死于出血,存活9例中8例(80%)激發(fā)斑塊破裂成功,3組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
2.2 3組頸總動脈內(nèi)徑、IMT和頸總動脈血流速度的比較
球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組、高脂飼養(yǎng)組的頸總動脈內(nèi)徑顯著短于對照組,IMT顯著厚于對照組,頸總動脈血流速度顯著快于對照組;球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組的頸總動脈內(nèi)徑顯著短于高脂飼養(yǎng)組,IMT顯著厚于高脂飼養(yǎng)組,頸總動脈血流速度顯著快于高脂飼養(yǎng)組(P<0.05)(表1)。
表1 3組頸總動脈內(nèi)徑、IMT和頸總動脈血流速度的比較(x±s)
與對照組實驗后比較,*P<0.05;與高脂飼養(yǎng)組實驗后比較,#P<0.05
2.3 3組左側頸總動脈超聲檢查結果
對照組頸動脈管腔結構清晰、壁光滑、血流穩(wěn)定;高脂飼養(yǎng)組與球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組管腔結構紊亂,血流速度增快(圖2)。
對照組 高脂飼養(yǎng)組 球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組
圖2 3組左側頸總動脈超聲檢查結果
A、D、G為頸動脈內(nèi)徑;B、E、H為血流信號;C、F、I為血流速度
2.4 3組兔的形態(tài)學觀察
①肉眼觀察:對照組的左頸總動脈柔軟而有彈性,取材后可見管腔內(nèi)膜光滑,未見粥樣斑塊;高脂飼養(yǎng)組的頸部皮下可見大量脂肪組織;球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組的左頸總動脈管壁粗細不均,內(nèi)膜可見多個黃白色斑塊隆起,大小不等,成點片狀。②光鏡下觀察:對照組的頸動脈內(nèi)皮細胞完整,中層平滑肌細胞排列整齊,呈長形或橢圓形,胞質呈嗜酸性紅染;高脂飼養(yǎng)組可見內(nèi)膜下脂質沉積,炎癥細胞浸潤,但內(nèi)皮細胞完整,內(nèi)彈力板排列整齊;球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組可見頸動脈內(nèi)皮細胞脫落,多數(shù)血管可見粥樣斑塊或纖維斑塊,部分斑塊中可見新生血管,并有大量的炎癥細胞浸潤,內(nèi)膜下脂質泡沫細胞、平滑肌細胞增生明顯,中層平滑肌細胞排列紊亂,胞質嗜酸性平滑肌細胞減少,代之以大量胞質淡染和充滿脂質空泡的泡沫細胞,并經(jīng)內(nèi)彈力膜向斑塊部位游走,彈力纖維崩解、斷裂、溶解,均可見膠原增生,“腔外負壓”法激發(fā)斑塊破裂,血栓形成(圖3)。
圖3 3組兔光鏡下形態(tài)學變化
A為對照組;B為高脂飼養(yǎng)組;C為球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組可誘導不穩(wěn)定性斑塊形成;D為球囊損傷+高脂飼養(yǎng)組通過腔外負壓法誘導不穩(wěn)定斑塊破裂
3 討論
動脈粥樣硬化是一種慢性炎癥反應性疾病,常累及大中動脈,動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂與急性血栓形成可導致急性心肌梗死、猝死等[1]。研究顯示,高膽固醇血癥能夠激活體內(nèi)炎癥免疫反應,致使血管內(nèi)皮功能異常,是動脈粥樣硬化的始動因素[2-4]。建立合適的動脈粥樣硬化及斑塊破裂動物模型有助于更好地了解動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂發(fā)生的確切機制。近些年,動物實驗研究得到長足發(fā)展,各種動物模型如兔、小鼠、大鼠、豬及靈長類動物等均被用于動脈粥樣硬化的實驗研究[5]。由于兔對外源性膽固醇吸收率高,對高血脂清除力低,體內(nèi)低密度脂蛋白含量高,血漿中富含膽固醇酯轉移蛋白,肝臟只能合成ApoB-100,給高脂飼料經(jīng)8~12周即可形成明顯的動脈粥樣硬化,目前仍是動脈粥樣硬化研究中最常用的模型之一[6]。小動物模型存在以下限制性:①動脈粥樣硬化斑塊主要出現(xiàn)在主動脈及其分支,冠狀動脈和頸動脈內(nèi)不出現(xiàn)斑塊;②兔子的動脈粥樣硬化斑塊主要為纖維增生性病變,不同于人類的脂質性斑塊;③兔子和小鼠的動脈粥樣硬化斑塊均為穩(wěn)定性斑塊,幾乎不發(fā)生斑塊自發(fā)性易損和破裂[7]。動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂與動脈血栓形成模型的制備既往多采用球囊損傷、藥物及氧化劑激發(fā)等方式,但成功率低、不易控制[8-11]。早在1961年,Constantinides等[12]在高脂喂養(yǎng)的家兔中,經(jīng)腹腔注射蝰蛇毒(內(nèi)皮毒素和促凝劑)和組胺(血管加壓藥)以促使斑塊破裂,但發(fā)生率很低。1995年Abela等[13]對上述動物模型進行了改良,采用球囊拉傷腹主動脈內(nèi)皮后給予高膽固醇飼料喂養(yǎng)的方法,在新西蘭家兔中建立穩(wěn)定斑塊模型,然后給予魯塞爾蝰蛇毒、組胺藥物觸發(fā),成功地建立了藥物誘發(fā)斑塊破裂和血栓形成的動物模型,但因為全身用藥導致動物死亡率高,且不符合自然病理生理過程,影響觀察結果。1998年Rekhter等[14]在兔動脈粥樣斑塊中埋置可控制性氣囊,以充盈氣囊的壓力代表誘發(fā)斑塊破裂的機械牽張力,可復制出斑塊破裂的動物模型。2002年,von der Thüsen等[15]在ApoE-/-小鼠的斑塊部位注入攜帶野生型p53基因的重組型腺病毒載體的懸液,發(fā)現(xiàn)斑塊破裂數(shù)有所增加,但這一方法的缺點是操作復雜、動物死亡率高、模型復制較為困難。遺傳性高脂血癥Watanabe兔和人ApoA轉基因兔等雖可形成動脈粥樣硬化,但無斑塊破裂及血栓形成證據(jù),且其成本高,制模耗費時間長,故在動脈粥樣硬化的專項研究中應用極少。Ni等[7,16-17]應用高脂喂養(yǎng)、內(nèi)皮損傷、基因轉染、精神應激、藥物觸發(fā)等方法,成功地在新西蘭兔和ApoE-/-小鼠中建立了斑塊易損、出血和破裂的動物模型,獲得了國際學術界的認可,為易損斑塊的基礎研究提供了適宜的研究對象,但也受到以上因素影響,存在一定的不足。在動物模型中,豬、兔、大鼠的冠狀動脈及腹主動脈經(jīng)物理方法損傷后、高脂喂養(yǎng)后可形成動脈粥樣斑塊,但是由于斑塊部位的特殊性,目前還沒有成熟可靠的激發(fā)斑塊破裂的方法。目前國內(nèi)外都在探索一種易操作的實驗動物,可靠形成動脈硬化斑塊、容易監(jiān)測的血管及高效安全的激發(fā)斑塊破裂的方法。由于兔頸動脈位于體表,球囊損傷及負壓吸引操作方便,不易造成動物死亡,且超聲便于觀察血管形態(tài)及斑塊特征。本實驗通過球囊損傷加高脂飲食成功誘發(fā)兔頸動脈粥樣硬化斑塊形成,且在光學顯微鏡下觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)頸動脈內(nèi)皮細胞脫落,血管可見粥樣斑塊或纖維斑塊形成,炎癥細胞、潤泡沫細胞浸潤,平滑肌細胞增生明顯,彈力纖維崩解、斷裂、溶解,符合不穩(wěn)定性斑塊特征。采用的“腔外負壓吸引”法可誘發(fā)粥樣硬化斑塊破裂,血栓形成,經(jīng)彩色多普勒超聲及病理學檢查進一步驗證,為深入研究動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂發(fā)生的內(nèi)在機制提供了可靠的動物模型。
綜上所述,本實驗成功建立了動脈粥樣硬化及斑塊破裂模型,為動脈粥樣硬化與冠心病的臨床研究提供了實驗基礎,此模型簡便、快速、成本低、可重復性強及成功率高,在生理、病理及藥物學效應方面為冠心病的研究提供了可靠的實驗平臺。
[參考文獻]
[1]Spagnoli LG,Mauriello A,Sangiorgi G,et al.Extracranial thrombotically active carotid plaque as a risk factor for ischemic stroke[J].JAMA,2004,292(15):1845-1852.
[2]Ross R.Atherosclerosis:an inflammatory disease[J].N Engl J Med,1999,340(14):115-126.
[3]Glass CK,Witztum JL.Atherosclerosis.the road ahead[J].Cell,2001,104(4):503-516.
[4]Andersson J,Libby P,Hansson GK.Adaptive immunity and atherosclerosis[J].Clin Immunol,2010,134(1):33-46.
[5]Xiangdong L,Yuanwu L,Hua Z,et al.Animal models for the atherosclerosis research:a review[J].Protein Cell,2011,2(3):189-201.
[6]Dornas WC,Oliveira T,Augusto LE,et al.Experimental athe rosclerosis in rabbits[J].Arg Bras Cardiol,2010,95(2):272-278.
[7]Ni M,Chen WQ,Zhang Y.Animal models and potential mechanisms of plaque destabilisation and disruption[J].Heart,2009,95(17):1393-1398.
[8]Mehrad H,Mokhtari-Dizaji M,Ghanaati H,et al.Developing a rabbit model of neointimal stenosis and atherosclerotic fibrous plaque rupture[J].J Tehran Heart Cent,2011, 6(3):117-125.
[9]Xian X,Ding Y,Zhang L,et al.Enhanced atherothrombotic formation after oxidative injury by FeCl3 to the common carotid artery in severe combined hyperlipidemic mice[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,385(4):563-569.
[10]Evans DJ,Jackman LE,Chamberlain J,et al.Platelet P2Y(12) receptor influences the vessel wall response to arterial injury and thrombosis[J].Circulation,2009,119(1):116-122.
[11]Fang SM,Zhang QH,Jiang ZX.Developing a novel rabbit model of atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis by cold-induced endothelial injury[J].J Biomed Sci,2009, 16:39.
[12]Constantinides P,Chakravarti RN.Rabbit arterial thrombosis production by systemic procedures[J].Arch Pathol,1961,72:197-208.
[13]Abela GS,Picon PD,F(xiàn)riedl SE,et al.Triggering of plaque disruption and arterial thrombosis in an athersclerotic rabbit model[J].Circulation,1995,91(3):776-784.
[14]Rekhter MD,Hicks GW,Brammer DW,et al.Animal model that mimics atherosclerotic plaque rupture[J].Circ Res,1998,83(7):705-713.
[15]von der Thüsen JH,van Vlijmen BJ,Hoeben RC,et al.Induction of atherosclerotic plaque rupture in apolipoprotein E-/- mice after adenovirus-mediated transfer of p53[J].Circulation,2002,105(17):2064-2070.
[16]Zhang L,Liu Y,Lu XT,et al.Intraplaque injection of Ad5-CMV.p53 aggravates local inflammation and leads to plaqueinstability in rabbits[J].J Cell Mol Med,2009,13(8B):2713-2723.
[17]Ni M,Wang Y,Zhang M,et al.Atherosclerotic plaque disruption induced by stress and lipopolysaccharide in apol ipoprotein E knockout mice[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2009,296(5):H1598-H1606.
(收稿日期:2014-02-19本文編輯:李亞聰)
[基金項目] 河南省鄭州市科技攻關計劃;鄭州市博士基金項目資助(2010-010021)
[作者簡介] 劉新葉(1971-),女,碩士,主要研究方向為冠心病的診斷及治療
▲通訊作者:楊東偉(1971-),男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,主要研究方向為冠心病的介入治療
綜上所述,本實驗成功建立了動脈粥樣硬化及斑塊破裂模型,為動脈粥樣硬化與冠心病的臨床研究提供了實驗基礎,此模型簡便、快速、成本低、可重復性強及成功率高,在生理、病理及藥物學效應方面為冠心病的研究提供了可靠的實驗平臺。
[參考文獻]
[1]Spagnoli LG,Mauriello A,Sangiorgi G,et al.Extracranial thrombotically active carotid plaque as a risk factor for ischemic stroke[J].JAMA,2004,292(15):1845-1852.
[2]Ross R.Atherosclerosis:an inflammatory disease[J].N Engl J Med,1999,340(14):115-126.
[3]Glass CK,Witztum JL.Atherosclerosis.the road ahead[J].Cell,2001,104(4):503-516.
[4]Andersson J,Libby P,Hansson GK.Adaptive immunity and atherosclerosis[J].Clin Immunol,2010,134(1):33-46.
[5]Xiangdong L,Yuanwu L,Hua Z,et al.Animal models for the atherosclerosis research:a review[J].Protein Cell,2011,2(3):189-201.
[6]Dornas WC,Oliveira T,Augusto LE,et al.Experimental athe rosclerosis in rabbits[J].Arg Bras Cardiol,2010,95(2):272-278.
[7]Ni M,Chen WQ,Zhang Y.Animal models and potential mechanisms of plaque destabilisation and disruption[J].Heart,2009,95(17):1393-1398.
[8]Mehrad H,Mokhtari-Dizaji M,Ghanaati H,et al.Developing a rabbit model of neointimal stenosis and atherosclerotic fibrous plaque rupture[J].J Tehran Heart Cent,2011, 6(3):117-125.
[9]Xian X,Ding Y,Zhang L,et al.Enhanced atherothrombotic formation after oxidative injury by FeCl3 to the common carotid artery in severe combined hyperlipidemic mice[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,385(4):563-569.
[10]Evans DJ,Jackman LE,Chamberlain J,et al.Platelet P2Y(12) receptor influences the vessel wall response to arterial injury and thrombosis[J].Circulation,2009,119(1):116-122.
[11]Fang SM,Zhang QH,Jiang ZX.Developing a novel rabbit model of atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis by cold-induced endothelial injury[J].J Biomed Sci,2009, 16:39.
[12]Constantinides P,Chakravarti RN.Rabbit arterial thrombosis production by systemic procedures[J].Arch Pathol,1961,72:197-208.
[13]Abela GS,Picon PD,F(xiàn)riedl SE,et al.Triggering of plaque disruption and arterial thrombosis in an athersclerotic rabbit model[J].Circulation,1995,91(3):776-784.
[14]Rekhter MD,Hicks GW,Brammer DW,et al.Animal model that mimics atherosclerotic plaque rupture[J].Circ Res,1998,83(7):705-713.
[15]von der Thüsen JH,van Vlijmen BJ,Hoeben RC,et al.Induction of atherosclerotic plaque rupture in apolipoprotein E-/- mice after adenovirus-mediated transfer of p53[J].Circulation,2002,105(17):2064-2070.
[16]Zhang L,Liu Y,Lu XT,et al.Intraplaque injection of Ad5-CMV.p53 aggravates local inflammation and leads to plaqueinstability in rabbits[J].J Cell Mol Med,2009,13(8B):2713-2723.
[17]Ni M,Wang Y,Zhang M,et al.Atherosclerotic plaque disruption induced by stress and lipopolysaccharide in apol ipoprotein E knockout mice[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2009,296(5):H1598-H1606.
(收稿日期:2014-02-19本文編輯:李亞聰)
[基金項目] 河南省鄭州市科技攻關計劃;鄭州市博士基金項目資助(2010-010021)
[作者簡介] 劉新葉(1971-),女,碩士,主要研究方向為冠心病的診斷及治療
▲通訊作者:楊東偉(1971-),男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,主要研究方向為冠心病的介入治療
綜上所述,本實驗成功建立了動脈粥樣硬化及斑塊破裂模型,為動脈粥樣硬化與冠心病的臨床研究提供了實驗基礎,此模型簡便、快速、成本低、可重復性強及成功率高,在生理、病理及藥物學效應方面為冠心病的研究提供了可靠的實驗平臺。
[參考文獻]
[1]Spagnoli LG,Mauriello A,Sangiorgi G,et al.Extracranial thrombotically active carotid plaque as a risk factor for ischemic stroke[J].JAMA,2004,292(15):1845-1852.
[2]Ross R.Atherosclerosis:an inflammatory disease[J].N Engl J Med,1999,340(14):115-126.
[3]Glass CK,Witztum JL.Atherosclerosis.the road ahead[J].Cell,2001,104(4):503-516.
[4]Andersson J,Libby P,Hansson GK.Adaptive immunity and atherosclerosis[J].Clin Immunol,2010,134(1):33-46.
[5]Xiangdong L,Yuanwu L,Hua Z,et al.Animal models for the atherosclerosis research:a review[J].Protein Cell,2011,2(3):189-201.
[6]Dornas WC,Oliveira T,Augusto LE,et al.Experimental athe rosclerosis in rabbits[J].Arg Bras Cardiol,2010,95(2):272-278.
[7]Ni M,Chen WQ,Zhang Y.Animal models and potential mechanisms of plaque destabilisation and disruption[J].Heart,2009,95(17):1393-1398.
[8]Mehrad H,Mokhtari-Dizaji M,Ghanaati H,et al.Developing a rabbit model of neointimal stenosis and atherosclerotic fibrous plaque rupture[J].J Tehran Heart Cent,2011, 6(3):117-125.
[9]Xian X,Ding Y,Zhang L,et al.Enhanced atherothrombotic formation after oxidative injury by FeCl3 to the common carotid artery in severe combined hyperlipidemic mice[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,385(4):563-569.
[10]Evans DJ,Jackman LE,Chamberlain J,et al.Platelet P2Y(12) receptor influences the vessel wall response to arterial injury and thrombosis[J].Circulation,2009,119(1):116-122.
[11]Fang SM,Zhang QH,Jiang ZX.Developing a novel rabbit model of atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis by cold-induced endothelial injury[J].J Biomed Sci,2009, 16:39.
[12]Constantinides P,Chakravarti RN.Rabbit arterial thrombosis production by systemic procedures[J].Arch Pathol,1961,72:197-208.
[13]Abela GS,Picon PD,F(xiàn)riedl SE,et al.Triggering of plaque disruption and arterial thrombosis in an athersclerotic rabbit model[J].Circulation,1995,91(3):776-784.
[14]Rekhter MD,Hicks GW,Brammer DW,et al.Animal model that mimics atherosclerotic plaque rupture[J].Circ Res,1998,83(7):705-713.
[15]von der Thüsen JH,van Vlijmen BJ,Hoeben RC,et al.Induction of atherosclerotic plaque rupture in apolipoprotein E-/- mice after adenovirus-mediated transfer of p53[J].Circulation,2002,105(17):2064-2070.
[16]Zhang L,Liu Y,Lu XT,et al.Intraplaque injection of Ad5-CMV.p53 aggravates local inflammation and leads to plaqueinstability in rabbits[J].J Cell Mol Med,2009,13(8B):2713-2723.
[17]Ni M,Wang Y,Zhang M,et al.Atherosclerotic plaque disruption induced by stress and lipopolysaccharide in apol ipoprotein E knockout mice[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2009,296(5):H1598-H1606.
(收稿日期:2014-02-19本文編輯:李亞聰)
[基金項目] 河南省鄭州市科技攻關計劃;鄭州市博士基金項目資助(2010-010021)
[作者簡介] 劉新葉(1971-),女,碩士,主要研究方向為冠心病的診斷及治療
▲通訊作者:楊東偉(1971-),男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,主要研究方向為冠心病的介入治療