盧濤,曾毅,孫忠敏
(荊州市中心血站,湖北 荊州434000)
自上世紀(jì)60年代始,多項(xiàng)研究[1-3]表明ABO血型對(duì)凝血機(jī)能有重大影響,因?yàn)锳BO血型是血漿血管性血友病因子(vWF)水平的主要決定因素。總體而言,約70%的vWF/FⅧ血漿水平的變化是由遺傳決定的,其中約30%與個(gè)體ABO血型有關(guān)。值得注意的是,約25%的非O血型個(gè)體vWF水平偏高,許多學(xué)者進(jìn)而研究這種生物學(xué)相互關(guān)系可能的臨床意義,諸如ABO血型是否可能是出血或動(dòng)脈/靜脈血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響因素等等。
一些研究者分析表明,ABO血型不同,發(fā)生靜脈血栓栓塞(VTE)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有差別[4-5]。Wautrecht及同事回顧性分析過(guò)去14年間門(mén)診診斷為下肢深靜脈血栓栓塞患者的血型表型分布,已知血型的369例患者與49373位比利時(shí)無(wú)癥狀獻(xiàn)血者比較,非O血型下肢深靜脈血栓患者頻次顯著高于健康獻(xiàn)血者(70.6%vs 53.9%,P<0.01)[6]。
為進(jìn)一步厘清ABO血型、vWF和FⅧ因子與VTE疾病的相互關(guān)系,許多學(xué)者進(jìn)行了深入研究[7-12]。Koster及同事進(jìn)行了基于人群的VTE病例對(duì)照研究,301例確診VTE患者和301例健康人配對(duì)比較。數(shù)據(jù)表明,O型血個(gè)體VTE患病率比對(duì)照組低(25%比43%),O型組凝血因子FⅧ和vWF濃度比非O型組個(gè)體低。總體而言,在不考慮FⅧ和vWF水平的情況下分組配對(duì),非O型與O型血組個(gè)體發(fā)生VTE的比值(OR)為2.0(95%CI,1.4~2.9)。修正FⅧ和vWF水平對(duì)結(jié)果的影響后,非 O血型組患 VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍然顯著高于 O型血組(OR 1.5,95%CI,1.0~-2.2)[13]。
Tirado等進(jìn)行了類似研究[14],VTE和對(duì)照組各250例,調(diào)查FⅧ、vWF和ABO血型與血栓形成風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)照組O型的頻次比VTE患者組高(44%比23%),其中,A型血患者組比對(duì)照組高(59%vs 41%)。因此,總體上看,非O型組個(gè)體血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高于O型血組(OR 2.6,95%CI,1.8~3.8),修正FⅧ和 VWF水平等影響因素后 OR 1.7(95%CI,1.1~2.6)。非 O型組個(gè)體凝血因子FⅧ和vWF水平明顯較高,發(fā)生VTE的相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)歸因于vWF水平強(qiáng)烈依賴于血型,因?yàn)橄鸵蛩睾笈cVTE的關(guān)聯(lián)效應(yīng)就消失。
2007年,Ohira及合作者進(jìn)行了獨(dú)立的病例對(duì)照研究[15],縱向調(diào)查血栓癥病因研究。觀察對(duì)象中,492人最終發(fā)展成VTE,另外1008人觀察對(duì)象正常。血型基因型分析發(fā)現(xiàn),非O血型基因攜帶者發(fā)生VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于O型(年齡調(diào)整后 OR 1.64,95%CI,1.32~2.05),進(jìn)一步調(diào)整修正性別、種族、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、糖尿病凝血因子FⅧ水平等影響因素后,后仍具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(OR 1.31,95%CI,1.02~-1.68)。非O 血型 FV Leiden攜帶者罹患 VTE 的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也增高(OR 6.77,95%CI,3.65~12.6)。
近期,有研究組對(duì)ABO血型和血管疾病之間的關(guān)聯(lián)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)回顧和Mete分析[16]。其中VTE分析研究中,非O型與O型對(duì)照組VTE的合并比為1.79(95%CI,1.56~2.05),帶有凝血因子FV Leiden缺陷的個(gè)體,該比值更高,合并OR達(dá)到3.88(95%CI為2.51~6.00)。三個(gè)血型基因分型研究結(jié)果表明,A1A1/A1B/BB表型的合并比值為2.44(95%CI為1.79~3.33),而A1O/BO/A2B表型的比值為2.11(95%CI為1.66~-2.68),提示VTE患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與O(H)抗原表達(dá)有關(guān)。
Spiezia等發(fā)表的研究報(bào)告[17]與上述觀點(diǎn)一致。他們回顧性研究進(jìn)行了大量的意大利深靜脈血栓病例患者和對(duì)照(712例患者,712名對(duì)照)發(fā)現(xiàn),與O型個(gè)體比較非O血型患腎部靜脈栓塞(DVT)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加2.2倍,當(dāng)凝血因子FV Leiden、凝血酶原G20210A突變、抗凝血酶、蛋白C和蛋白S缺陷等遺傳性血栓形成因素存在時(shí),非O血型較非血栓形成O型個(gè)體患VTE的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)會(huì)大幅提升達(dá)7倍。該數(shù)據(jù)令人側(cè)目,表明非O血型人群的患病率高,提示血型是似乎是最重要的靜脈血栓形成遺傳風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素之一。與其他遺傳性血栓形成因素(凝血因子FV Leiden和凝血酶原G20210A突變)類似,非O血型是導(dǎo)致VTE發(fā)生的有限風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,因此作者建議對(duì)有血栓形成傾向的個(gè)體進(jìn)行ABO血型分析以評(píng)估其血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況。其它許多學(xué)者對(duì)血管栓塞與血型的關(guān)系研究結(jié)果也支持上述觀點(diǎn)[18-21]。但是否為靜脈血栓栓塞患者開(kāi)展血栓形成傾向檢測(cè),學(xué)界存在爭(zhēng)議。Spiezia等建議,如果決定開(kāi)展該類檢查,ABO血型應(yīng)被列入遺傳性血栓形成的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩查項(xiàng)目[17]。
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