文/五花肉

制墨工藝

solid ink technology

墨模

ink mould

墨譜

ink genealogy

其墨取店山之松煙，代郡之鹿膠，十年以上強如石者為之。

——晉·衛(wèi)夫人《筆陣圖》

The ink is made from pine carbon of Dianshan and deer glue of Daijun;and it takes 10 years to forge a high quality ink.

——Wei Furen(Jin Dynasty.Bi Zhen Tu)

邇來墨工以水槽盛水，中列粗碗，燃以桐油，上復(fù)覆以一碗，專人掃煤，和以牛膠，揉成之。其法最快便，謂之油煙。

——宋·趙彥衛(wèi)《云麓漫鈔》

The workers use a tank to store the water;put a bowl in the tank;cover the bowl with another bowl;and boil tung oil under the tank.Then workers sweep the carbon into the bowl and mix it with cow glue.Eventually,the solid ink is made which is called lampblack ink.

——Zhao Yanwei(Song Dynasty.Yun Lu Man Chao)

所謂墨者，黝如漆，輕如云，清如水，渾如嵐。香如婕妤之體，不五蘊而馨，光如玄妻之發(fā)，不膏沐而鑒。

——明·方瑞生《墨?！?/p>

A high quality solid ink is black like dark paint;light like cloud;clear like water;refined like haze;fragrant like beauty and bright like smooth hair.

——Fang Ruisheng（Ink Collection）

上古以竹挺點而漆書，中古以墨石磨石以書，至魏晉始有墨丸……走過從天然到人造，從無形制到有形制，從制墨到賞墨的漫長歷程，中國傳統(tǒng)制墨業(yè)基于幾千年工藝創(chuàng)新與演進，持續(xù)豐富

了中華墨文化的技術(shù)與人文內(nèi)涵。

In ancient times,people wrote with dip in paint and in middle age people ground the ink stone to write.The solid ink was invented in the era of Wei and Jin dynasties.From naturalto artificialmaterial;from non-series to series and from manufacturing to appreciation,Chinese solid ink industry has experienced technical improvement of thousands of years and has enhanced ink technology and humanities connotation.

事實上，早在兩漢、魏晉時代，中國傳統(tǒng)制墨最具特色的成形、模制、加藥三大主要工藝便已初步形成，并奠定了制造工藝的基本體系框架——固體墨塊便利墨汁保存，墨模工藝讓墨符合形制標準、益于批量生產(chǎn)，加藥則使墨兼具書寫與藥用功能。

In fact,in the era of Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties;and Wei and Jin dynasties,the techniques of

明方于魯金剛法輪五色墨shaping;molding and medicating were invented,which formed basic technical framework.Solid ink facilitated storage;mould enabled ink to meet the standards and to achieve mass production;and medicating enabled solid ink to have functions of writing and medication.

到了唐宋時期，松煙制墨工藝走向成熟。這一時期萌發(fā)了專業(yè)管理和品牌意識——為了保障供給，朝廷專設(shè)制墨機構(gòu)。精雕細刻的墨模，記載墨工姓名、墨工所在制墨機構(gòu)及產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量特征；注重原料質(zhì)量和工藝創(chuàng)新——強調(diào)煙品分級、選用細煙制墨，明確燒煙選材標準，出現(xiàn)對膠法、再和墨、四和墨等多種工藝。隨著可用松林的日漸匱乏，人們又以可再生桐子榨油，發(fā)展出油煙制墨工藝，使制墨工藝得以永久延續(xù)。

In the era of Tang and Song Dynasties,techniques of pine carbon ink was developed.At that time management of production and brand emerged.The imperatorial government established devoted department to ensure the supply of ink.The names of producers and institutions;and product attributes were carved on the solid ink.The material quality and technical innovation were highly emphasized.The standards for carbon classification and selection were developed.The gluing and mixing techniques were invented.With the exhaustion of pine resource,tung oil was the substitute for pin carbon.Techniques of lampblack ink were developed,which enabled solid ink to be spread down.

傳統(tǒng)制墨業(yè)真正的頂峰出現(xiàn)在明清時期，當時人們不但注重墨質(zhì)精良更追求墨式新奇。在風起云涌的墨品藝術(shù)化浪潮中，涌現(xiàn)出《程氏墨苑》、《方氏墨譜》、《墨?！返热竽V代表作，收錄千余幅精美圖譜、提出好墨鑒賞標準。墨就此完成了從實用到藝術(shù)觀賞的偉大躍進……

The traditional techniques of Chinese solid ink remarkably developed in Ming and Qing Dynasties.At that time,the quality and novel shape solid ink were highly valued."Chens'Ink Genealogy";"Fangs'Ink Genealogy"and"Ink Collection"were the magnum works of ink genealogy,which were the ink genealogy with a collection of a thousand pictures and were the standards for ink appreciation.As a result,Chinese solid ink went beyond the practical value and boasted article appreciation value.

如今，隨著中國傳統(tǒng)制墨工藝入選“世界非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)”保護名單，越來越多人愛上了墨文化，渴望了解墨的歷史與人文，墨將伴隨中華書畫藝術(shù)的發(fā)展復(fù)興，邁向現(xiàn)代文明的新時代。

Nowadays,Chinese solid ink has been chosen in the list of the World Intangible Cultural Heritage.More and more people get to be engrossed in ink culture and desire to learn the history and culture of Chinese solid ink.Along with the renaissance of Chinese calligraphy and painting art,Chinese solid ink will enter a new epoch in modern civilization.