【摘 要】 閱讀理解題型有細(xì)節(jié)理解題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題及詞義猜測題。閱讀理解考察的根本是檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生對有關(guān)信息的加工能力,其重要標(biāo)志是閱讀速度和理解力的正確率。圍繞這幾種類型,筆者嘗試進(jìn)行探討并提出一些建議。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 英語閱讀 閱讀理解 針對性
1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題:
近幾年高考中的綜合細(xì)節(jié)題多運(yùn)用同義解釋或反義轉(zhuǎn)述,側(cè)重考查學(xué)生對語言的理解和把握能力,所以解題時(shí)應(yīng)在文中搜索相關(guān)同義或反義的敘述。該類試題要求考生在做題時(shí)培養(yǎng)快速定位相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)的能力。
案例分析:
According to the passage, the giant squid’s longest tentacles can be ______. (節(jié)選自2013年《金考卷》第一模擬A篇閱讀理解)
A. 16 feet long B. 9 to 10 feet long
C. more than 26 feet longD. about 36 feet long
原文依據(jù):The giant squid is 9 to 10 feet long and is missing its two longest tenacle. With those tenacles , it could have measured up to 26 feet long.
解題步驟:從原句可以知道大王烏賊身長九至十英尺,加上觸須可達(dá)26英尺長。題干問的是大王烏賊最長的觸須是多少?我們用26-10即可得出答案選A。做錯(cuò)這個(gè)題的原因在于missing 這個(gè)詞“不包括,不算在內(nèi)”這個(gè)意思不知道,因此不會(huì)做,只能猜。
技巧:運(yùn)用尋讀的方法找出后再將選項(xiàng)與原文對照,注意同一語意的不同表示法。有時(shí)為了增加試題的難度,問題的表達(dá)不用文中原句,而是用同義詞近義詞變換。因此,做題時(shí)先看準(zhǔn)題干,弄清問題所在。
2. 主旨大意題
解答主旨大意題型遵循“主題定位句”原則,即考生可在文章首段的第一句或段落的首尾句找到與主旨大意有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞語。主旨大意題能夠拉開中等生與優(yōu)等生的分?jǐn)?shù)差距,作為高考試題有很好的選拔作用,是閱讀理解中的高難度題。
2.1 范圍一般包括: 短文標(biāo)題、主題(Title); 大意或段落大意(Main idea)
2.2 案例分析:(選在2013山東濰坊試卷C篇閱讀理解)
66. Which of the following could be the best title for the text?
A.Are only children lonely?
B. Are only children common?
C. Are only children dangerous?
D. Are only children different?
解析:
從全文來看, C 選項(xiàng)的表述有誤, 句子的意思是僅有一個(gè)孩子這件事情危險(xiǎn)嗎? 不是孩子會(huì)對他人造成傷害。be dangerous to 對他人有害,有危險(xiǎn)。
AC 選項(xiàng)文章有提及,但他不是全文的中心意思。能做全文最佳標(biāo)題的必定是文章主旨大意最精髓的表達(dá),短小/精悍,言簡意賅。此題學(xué)生犯了以偏蓋全的錯(cuò)誤。
2.3技巧:
1)根據(jù)文體特點(diǎn)確定文章大意,尋找主題句
2)利用冒號或者破折號確定文章大意
3)利用反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞確定文章大意
3. 推理判斷題
這類試題是“依據(jù)事實(shí)推測未知結(jié)論”的推理題,解題時(shí)應(yīng)遵循客觀規(guī)律進(jìn)行推理,根據(jù)已知事實(shí)推測行文趨勢和相關(guān)結(jié)果?!犊荚嚧缶V》指出,閱讀文章的主要目的是獲取信息, 即理解作者所要傳達(dá)的信息。在實(shí)際的閱讀活動(dòng)中,有時(shí)需要根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索,進(jìn)行邏輯推理,推測作者未提到的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性。
(金考卷四D篇) So here’s the bad news for the 5.3 million New York City who depeend on the subways to get from place to place: The entire system—all 1050km and 468 stations of it—is shut down,much of it flooded with corrosive salt water.The Meteropolitan Tansit Authority freely admits it has never faced anything like the sever damage from Hurricanee Sandy, and hasabsolutely no idea when the system will be up and running. “we’ll know it after everything is done”, says MYA spokesman Charles Seaton. But the good nesws is well, never mind. There isn’t any. Really, it’s that bad, and if there’s no telling when things will be repaired, ther’s even less ways of knowing what the eventual price tag will be. Yes, there are lessons to be learned to from the current emergency for both New York itself and ueban planners everywhere; the question is whether they’ll be heeded.
71. What can we infer from Para1?
A. the subway system may start running soon
B. the whole subway system is flooded with corrosive salt water
C. It’s difficult to repair the New York subway system
D. The MTA doesn’t know how to clean the subway system
技巧:找出作者所陳述的細(xì)節(jié)、事實(shí)以及能夠表露作者思想傾向和感情色彩的詞語,進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推理。A選項(xiàng)原文為提及不選。B選項(xiàng)為文章事實(shí), 不是推測題,不選。D與原文內(nèi)容不符不選。
4. 詞義猜測題
(金考卷四C篇閱讀理解)How involved are we going to expect the human co-pilot to be? Must the “drivers” remain vigilant, their hands on the wheel and their eyes on the road? If not, what are they allowed to do inside or outside the car? Can the human in the car drink? Text-message? Read a book?
68. What does underlined word “vigilant” in paragraph 5 mean?
A. Relaxed B. Careless
C dangerous D. alert
從原文的語境中,尤其是關(guān)鍵詞must可知,利用文中上下文猜測詞義。選D。
技巧: 常用的幾種猜詞方法;1)利用副詞或連接詞的轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)系(and/or ...);2)利用構(gòu)詞法;3)利用文中的定義、例子或上下文猜測詞義;4)代入法。
[1] 杜志建. 課表通用《試題調(diào)研》高考熱點(diǎn)大串講[M]. 烏魯木齊: 新疆青少年出版社, 2013.
[2] 教育部. 義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[M]. 北京:人民教育出版社, 2007.