2008年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試(全國(guó)卷II)第三節(jié)完形填空是一篇記敘文,敘述作者為孩子們準(zhǔn)備盒式午餐的往事,她有一個(gè)在午餐盒里放置小紙條的習(xí)慣,來(lái)提醒他們一家共同期待的事情,可能是一場(chǎng)考試,或者一次體育賽事,內(nèi)容大都是一些鼓勵(lì)性的話語(yǔ)。開(kāi)始孩子很喜歡,可是孩子長(zhǎng)大了,就不再愿意看那種小紙條了。兒子Marc大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,回家小住一段時(shí)間。當(dāng)他發(fā)現(xiàn)午餐盒里沒(méi)有小紙條,就打電話詢問(wèn)媽媽,難道我做錯(cuò)什么了嗎,難道媽媽不再愛(ài)我了嗎?
原文如下:“Did I do something wrong? Don’t you love me any more, Mom?” were just a few of the questions he threw at me as I 40 asked him what was wrong.選項(xiàng)如下: 40.A.interestinglyB.bitterlyC.politelyD.laughingly 正確選項(xiàng)是D。 學(xué)生很容易排除B,C兩個(gè)選項(xiàng),但是很多考生錯(cuò)選A項(xiàng)。因?yàn)閺恼Z(yǔ)境上分析既可以選擇A. interestingly(有興趣)因?yàn)楹⒆油蝗淮螂娫捲儐?wèn)“媽媽難道我做錯(cuò)什么了嗎,難道媽媽不愛(ài)我了嗎?”作為母親當(dāng)然有興趣想知道;也可選擇B.laughingly(笑著),從而體現(xiàn)媽媽對(duì)孩子的愛(ài)。為什么不能選用interestingly?此題的高明之處在于,看似辨別兩個(gè)副詞的語(yǔ)意,其實(shí)是通過(guò)構(gòu)詞法考查學(xué)生對(duì)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞靈活運(yùn)用。如果將A 項(xiàng) interestingly改為interestedly,那就對(duì)了。v.+ing+ly 和v.+ed+ly的區(qū)別也就是現(xiàn)在分詞v.+ing和過(guò)去分詞v.+ed的區(qū)別。再看更多有關(guān)現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的副詞的例子: 1. She waved excitedly as the car approached. 意思是: She was excited as she waved. 副詞 excitedly修飾動(dòng)詞wave,表示主語(yǔ)人的感受。2.They were excitedly discussing plans for the vacation. 意思是: They were excited when they were discussing plans for the vacation. 副詞excitedly修飾動(dòng)詞discuss,表示人的感受。3.The site is interestingly designed and appears like a puzzle at first visit. 意思是:The design is interesting. 副詞interestingly修飾動(dòng)詞design,表示事物所具有的性質(zhì)。4.Interestingly enough, they were born on the same day, in the same month, and in the same year!意思是:That they were born on the same day, in the same month, and in the same year is interesting.副詞interestingly修飾副詞enough, 表示事物所具有的性質(zhì)。
下面談一談分詞中和感覺(jué)有關(guān)的及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別。在詞性上他們都保持了形容詞特征,現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征,過(guò)去分詞往往表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。在語(yǔ)義上,現(xiàn)在分詞往往表示主動(dòng)意義,它所修飾的人或者物是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,及令人有某種感覺(jué),有“令人……”的含義。過(guò)去分詞含有被動(dòng)含義,即人被引起某種感覺(jué),有“感到……”的意思?,F(xiàn)在分詞多用來(lái)指事或物,過(guò)去分詞多用來(lái)指人。例如The question puzzled the boy. It means the question is a puzzling question. It is a puzzle to the boy. So the boy is puzzled. 人的聲音或者表示表情的名詞如:voice, cry, scream, looks, steps, smile, face也常用過(guò)去分詞修飾,以表示人的感受。例1:Getting such a good job, he gave me a satisfied smile. 意思是:The smile told us that he was satisfied. 例2:His voice may sound excited. 意思是 His voice told us that he is excited 例3:There was an excited look on his face. 意思是The look on his face told us that he was excited.
試辨析 the puzzling boy 和 the puzzled boy 的區(qū)別。puzzling adj.令人困惑的;puzzledadj.感到困惑的。The puzzling boy means the boy is puzzling. 表示這個(gè)男孩是令人困惑的。有讓人費(fèi)解的性質(zhì)。The puzzled boy means the boy is puzzled. 表示這個(gè)男孩是困惑的,強(qiáng)調(diào)孩子的感受。例如:He stood there watching with puzzled despair. 這里不用puzzling,因?yàn)閐espair(失望)體現(xiàn)了he(他)困惑的感受,表示他束手無(wú)策地站在那兒看著。
類似這樣的感官及物動(dòng)詞還有好多。例如:
movingexciting
satisfyinginteresting
movedexcited
satisfiedinterested
這類感官及物動(dòng)詞是高考考點(diǎn),現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別不僅體現(xiàn)在作定語(yǔ)上,還體現(xiàn)在作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)上。這就使非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞略顯復(fù)雜。例如:
(2007江蘇)He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them ______ in his lectures.
A. interestedB. interesting
C. interestD. to interest
答案:A 此題考查make后加賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的用法。them是非謂語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ),根據(jù)them可判斷用interested,表示 “them” 感興趣的感受。It means that they are interested.
(2003北京春季卷35) Mr. Smith, _____ ofthe_____speech, startedtoreadanovel.
A. tired;boringB. tiring; bored
C. tired;bored D. tiring;boring
答案:A.因?yàn)檫@個(gè)無(wú)聊枯燥的演講,Mr. Smith感到厭煩。It means the speech was boring. boring 作定語(yǔ)表示演講的性質(zhì)是令人枯燥的, Mr. Smith was tired of the speech.tired of 作原因狀語(yǔ),表示Mr. Smith的感受。
由以上諸例,我們可以看到,感官類動(dòng)詞在日常生活和交際中使用頻率很高,非常容易混淆,是近年高考的一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn),我們有必要予以足夠的重視。而要學(xué)好感官動(dòng)詞并辨別清楚其用法,是離不開(kāi)具體語(yǔ)境的。首先要分清邏輯關(guān)系,在句子中找準(zhǔn)主語(yǔ),或者邏輯主語(yǔ),看是表示令人有某種感覺(jué),還是表示具有某種感受,再確定恰當(dāng)?shù)男问?。要在具體的上下文中反復(fù)揣摩,比較現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別:看是表示主語(yǔ)所具有的特征,還是主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài);是表示主動(dòng)意義,還是含有被動(dòng)含義;是它所修飾的人或者物是分詞動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,令人有某種感覺(jué),有“令人……”的含義,還是與中心詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即人被引起某種感覺(jué),有“感到……”的意思;是多用來(lái)指事或物,還是多用來(lái)指人。弄清了這幾個(gè)方面的區(qū)別,再去做題便是迎刃而解了。
在高考復(fù)習(xí)中,要學(xué)會(huì)比較,善于聯(lián)系,把各個(gè)散見(jiàn)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)串成線,織成網(wǎng)。要形成體系、網(wǎng)絡(luò)。切忌支離破碎,就題論題。要善于歸納方法,總結(jié)規(guī)律。
作者單位:江蘇徐州市第三中學(xué)