龍奇玉

摘要:that是個常見詞,可以引導(dǎo)不同種類的從句,用法比較復(fù)雜,學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中容易混淆他們的用法。將詳細(xì)總結(jié)that引導(dǎo)的從句,分析比較它們的用法,以幫助學(xué)生更好地掌握that從句,并讓學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)其他語法現(xiàn)象時有所借鑒。

關(guān)鍵詞:that從句;用法;比較

中圖分類號:G642.3文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文章編號:1673-291X(2009)30-0223-02

1. that引導(dǎo)主語從句(Subject Clauses)

(1)That引導(dǎo)主語從句,在句中充當(dāng)主語的成分。

①That prices will go up is certain.物價要上漲是肯定的。

②That she was able to come made us very happy.她能來使我們很高興。

(2)當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句太長時,常用it作形式主語而把that從句放在后面,口語中that有時可以省略。用it作形式主語的that從句主要有下面幾類:

a. It + be +形容詞+ that從句

It is natural that they should have different views.

他們有不同的觀點是很自然的。

b. It + be +名詞+ that從句

Its a pity (that) he can't swim.真遺憾他不會游泳。

c. It +動詞(+賓語或狀語)+ that從句

It so happens that I know the artist. 我碰巧認(rèn)識那位藝術(shù)家。

d. It +動詞的被動語態(tài)+ that從句

It is said that the book has been translated into several foreign languages. 據(jù)說,那本書已被譯成了幾種外語。

2. that引導(dǎo)賓語從句(Object Clauses)

有大量的動詞可以跟that引導(dǎo)的從句作賓語,如agree,believe,claim,decide,expect,find,guess,hear,insist,know,learn,realize,say,see,suggest,think,tell,wish等,口語中that?？墒÷?但在下面情況中不能省略:第一,在suggest, order等表示命令、請求、建議等動詞后的賓語從句中,不能省。第二,由and或but所連接的兩個賓語從句時,第一個從句中的that可以省,第二個從句中的that不能省。第三,that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,如果從句中還有其他狀語從句,引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that不能省略

①I know she was against us. 我知道她反對我們。②I suggest that we should leave early for the airport. 我建議我們早點動身去機(jī)場。③She said(that )she would come and that she would bring her daughter. 她說她要來,并把女兒帶來。 ④Tell him that if he is at home, I'll call to see him. 告訴他如果他在家,我就去拜訪他。

3. that 引導(dǎo)表語從句(Predicative Clauses)

that引導(dǎo)的表語從句,放在聯(lián)系動詞后,在句中充當(dāng)表語的成分,that有時可省略,例如:

①The fact is(that)she never liked him. 事實是她從來未喜歡過他。

②The reason why so many people were killed in the big fire is that the building was built without any fire escapes . 這么多的人在大火中喪生,其原因是那座樓房里沒有太平門。

4. that引導(dǎo)同位語從句(Appositive Clauses)

有很多名詞后可以跟that引導(dǎo)的從句,說明其內(nèi)容,可稱為同位語從句。這種名詞有fact,idea,belief,conclusion,evidence,information,message, news,opinion,order,proof,proposal,report, rumour, rule,suggestion,truth,view等,例如:

①We are surprised at the fact that the children did it on their own .

聽說孩子們獨立做那件事,我們感到吃驚。

②He heard the news that his team had won. 他聽到消息說他的球隊獲勝了。

1.that引導(dǎo)定語從句時,通常僅引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,前面不用逗號。在從句中作主語時可指人或物,相當(dāng)于who或which;在從句中作賓語時常可省略,相當(dāng)于whom或which; 在從句中作表語,表示性質(zhì),可以省略。例如:

①The letter that / which came this morning is from my teacher of English.

今天上午遞到的信是我英語老師寄來的。

②Is he the man that / who sells stationary?

他就是賣文具的那個人嗎?

③Thats the man (that / whom) I was talking about.

那正是我所談到的人。

④Hes not the man(that)he was.

他現(xiàn)在不是像過去那樣的人了。

2.用that不用which的七種情況:

①先行詞前有形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時,用that不用which引導(dǎo)。如:

This is the best article that has ever been written on the subject. 迄今為止在有關(guān)這個題目的文章中,這一篇是最好的。

②先行詞為little,much,all,none,few,(the)one,something,everything,nothing,anything等不定代詞時,用that引導(dǎo)。如:

This reference book contains much(little)that is useful.這本參考書中有很多(沒有多少)有用的東西。

③先行詞前有any,all,no,few,every,some,little,much,(the)very,(the)only,(the)last等詞修飾時,用that引導(dǎo)。如:

He is the only one among us that knows Spanish. 他是我們中間唯一懂西班牙語的人。

④先行詞既有指人的名詞又有指物的名詞時,用that引導(dǎo)。如:

Do you still remember the things and persons that we talked about at the meeting last month? 你還記得上月我們在會上談到的人和事嗎?

⑤先行詞為which時,為了避免重復(fù),用that引導(dǎo)。如:

Which is the book that you bought yesterday?哪一本書是你昨天買的?

⑥先行詞在從句中作表語時,常用that引導(dǎo)。如:

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be in the 1930s.

上海現(xiàn)在不再像它過去在20世紀(jì)30年代那樣的城市了。

⑦當(dāng)主句是There be……句型時,用that引導(dǎo)。

There are two tickets for the film that are for you two.

這里有兩張電影票是給你們兩個人的。

3.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別:

從上面的例子可以看出,在同位語從句和定語從句中,that都可放在名詞后面。怎樣區(qū)分一個名詞后的從句是定語從句還同位語是從句?我們先來看兩個句子:

a. I had no idea that you were here.

b. The idea (that) she gave us is very good.

在句子a中,從句that you were here補(bǔ)充說明名詞idea的內(nèi)容,that 無實義,也不作句子成分;而在句子b中,從句that he gave us修飾限制先行詞idea, that在從句中作gave的直接賓語,代替先行詞idea。句a中的that不能省去,而句 b中的that可省掉,也可換為which。

1.that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句(Adverbial Clauses of Purpose)

目的狀語從句主要由that, so that, in order that, for fear that等引導(dǎo):

Speak louder (so) that everybody may hear what you say.

講得響一些,以便每個人都能聽清楚你的話。

2.that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句(Adverbial Clauses of Result)

結(jié)果狀語從句主要由so(such)...that,(so)that等引導(dǎo):

It was such a cold night that we stayed at home.

那是一個非常寒冷的夜晚,我們都待在家里。

3.that引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句(Adverbial Clauses of Condition)

條件狀語從句主要由provided that,on condition that, supposing that等引導(dǎo):

You may borrow the book, on condition that you don't lend it to anyone else.

你可以借這本書,條件是別把它借給別人。

4. that引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句(Adverbial Clauses of Reason)

原因狀語從句主要由now that等引導(dǎo)以及一些“be + 形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)后的從句:

Now that they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.

他們既已著手自己來處理問題,事態(tài)的進(jìn)展也就加快了。

They are very disappointed that she cant stay longer.

他們很失望她不能再待久些。

強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)為:It is/was + 強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 +that從句。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人,可用who代替that。如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是時間狀語、地點狀語或原因狀語,則一般都用that。例如:

①It was on Monday night that all this happened.

這一切都是在星期一夜里發(fā)生的。

②It is in the classroom that we usually have our classes.

我們通常是在教室里上課。

③Why is it that you object to the idea?

你為什么反對這個意見?

④It was Peter who / that lent us the money.

是彼得借錢給我們的。