摘要: 我國正逐步進入老齡化社會,老年人口的數(shù)量持續(xù)增加。規(guī)律的體育運動能有效防止衰老引起的學(xué)習(xí)記憶等認(rèn)知功能的衰退,提高老年人的生活質(zhì)量。本文將主要對運動干預(yù)改善老年人腦學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力、延緩衰老可能的幾種內(nèi)在生物學(xué)機制進行綜述,旨在為制定提高老年人認(rèn)知能力、防治老年癡呆和維持終身腦健康的運動干預(yù)方案提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:運動干預(yù);衰老;學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力;認(rèn)知功能
Research Progress on the Mechanism of Exercise Intervention to Improve Cerebral Learning and Memory Capacity in the Elderly
Zhang Chenyue
(Physical Education Department,Soochow University,Suzhou Jiangsu,215000)
Abstract:Our country is gradually entering an aging society, and the number of old population continues to increase.Regular physical exercise can effectively prevent the decline of cognitive functions such as learning and memory caused by aging, and improve the quality of life of the elderly. This paper reviewed several possible internal biological mechanisms of exercise intervention to improve the learning and memory ability of the elderly and delay aging, aiming to provide a reference for the development of exercise intervention programs to improve the cognitive ability of the elderly, prevent and treat senile dementia and maintain lifelong brain health.
Keywords:exercise intervention;aging;learning and memory ability;cognitive function
開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID):
張辰越 蘇州大學(xué)體育學(xué)院江蘇省 蘇州市 215000
zhangchenyue suzhou jiangsu Province 215000 China
中圖分類號:G804.2
DOI:10.16655/j.cnki.2095-2813.2024.19.000
備注:1
作者簡介:張辰越(2000—),女,碩士在讀,無職稱; 研究方向為運動人體科學(xué)。
普通作者:1
作者簡介:張辰越(2000-),女,碩士在讀,研究方向:運動人體科學(xué)。
衰老導(dǎo)致人體的各項生理功能逐漸退化,其中腦衰老主要表現(xiàn)為學(xué)習(xí)記憶等認(rèn)知功能的衰退。現(xiàn)代社會,人均壽命大幅度提高,人口老齡化現(xiàn)象也日益嚴(yán)重, 與認(rèn)知功能障礙有關(guān)的疾病發(fā)病率不斷上升。據(jù)2014年國際阿爾茲海默病協(xié)會(ADI)發(fā)布的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球范圍內(nèi)的AD患者數(shù)量已達4000萬,并在逐年增加[1],預(yù)計到2050年將達到1億5000萬[2]。這不僅嚴(yán)重影響了老年人的生活質(zhì)量,也給家庭及社會帶來巨大壓力。因此,如何有效地預(yù)防老年人認(rèn)知功能的衰退,延緩腦衰老,維持腦健康,讓老年人安享幸福的老年生活變得尤為重要。
大量研究顯示,規(guī)律的體育運動不僅能起到強身健體的作用,而且能夠提高學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[3-6],延緩一系列神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展[7]。運動對老年人腦健康和學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的有益作用的證據(jù)也越來越多[8-12]。早期進行有規(guī)律的體育鍛煉是預(yù)防和延遲老年癡呆的最有效的策略。目前關(guān)于運動延緩腦衰老所致學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降的確切分子機制尚無定論。為此,本文針對國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀,探討了運動干預(yù)改善老年人腦學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力可能的幾種內(nèi)在生物學(xué)機制,以期為運動促進腦健康及改善老年人腦認(rèn)知功能的研究提供理論依據(jù)及實驗參考。
1 運動增加腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子表達
神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子由神經(jīng)所支配的組織(如肌肉)和神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,促進神經(jīng)元的生長與存活,在調(diào)節(jié)軸突生長、海馬神經(jīng)發(fā)生、突觸蛋白表達、突觸可塑性及神經(jīng)傳遞等方面都發(fā)揮著重要作用。
腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(BDNF)是大腦中含量最多的一種神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子,在維持海馬功能與促進學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力中起關(guān)鍵作用。衰老過程中腦內(nèi)BDNF mRNA和蛋白表達顯著降低[13, 14]。運動與BDNF和學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力之間的關(guān)系已得到了廣泛的研究[5, 15-18]。運動可通過增加BDNF的表達改善老年人腦的學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能,延緩阿爾茲海默癥、帕金森等神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)生。付燕等[16]人的研究表明,有氧運動能夠提高衰老大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,其分子機制與上調(diào)衰老大鼠海馬BDNF的表達有關(guān)。此外,運動可通過提高腦內(nèi)BDNF水平發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護作用,防止AD模型小鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降[18]。
運動可通過多種途徑調(diào)節(jié)腦內(nèi)BDNF表達。一方面,運動可誘導(dǎo)骨骼肌分泌鳶尾素(Irisin)、組織蛋白酶B(Cathepsin B)和胰島素樣生長因子1(IGF-1)等多種骨骼肌因子,這些肌因子可穿過血腦屏障進入大腦,調(diào)控腦內(nèi)BDNF的表達,促進學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的提高。另一方面,在運動過程中,機體產(chǎn)生的能量代謝產(chǎn)物增多,這些物質(zhì)可以通過血液從外周進入腦中,提高腦內(nèi)BDNF水平,進而改善大腦的學(xué)習(xí)和記憶能力,延緩腦衰老。
1.1 PGC-1α-FNDC5/Irisin-BDNF通路
鳶尾素(Irisin)是2012年新發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種骨骼肌因子。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運動時肌肉會分泌一種叫做過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體 γ 輔助激活因子1α(PGC-1α)的蛋白,在該蛋白的調(diào)控下,其下游蛋白III 型纖連蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白5(FNDC5)可通過剪切修飾形成鳶尾素釋放入血[19]。研究表明,鳶尾素可誘導(dǎo)脂肪組織中解偶聯(lián)蛋白1(UCP1)表達上調(diào),加速白色脂肪組織發(fā)生“棕色化”,從而加快新陳代謝,治療肥胖[20, 21]。此外,鳶尾素還可通過血腦屏障,誘導(dǎo)大腦中BDNF的表達,從而在促進學(xué)習(xí)和記憶中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。2013年Wrann等[22]人的研究結(jié)果將腦內(nèi)BDNF的表達與耐力運動和關(guān)鍵代謝介質(zhì)PGC-1α和FNDC5聯(lián)系起來,明確了PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF信號通路。類似地,Azimi等人的研究結(jié)果表明,4周中等強度的跑臺運動可通過增加AMPK活性和上調(diào)海馬PGC-1α/FNDC5/BDNF通路,改善海馬內(nèi)注射Aβ1-42 導(dǎo)致的大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶障礙[23]。Belviranli等[24]人發(fā)現(xiàn),90天的自主跑輪運動可顯著增加衰老大鼠海馬PGC-1α、FNDC5和BDNF等認(rèn)知相關(guān)的基因和蛋白表達,改善衰老所致的認(rèn)知功能障礙。由此可見,運動可通過PGC-1α-FNDC5/Irisin-BDNF通路改善衰老引起的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力下降。
1.2 Cathepsin B-BDNF通路
Cathepsin B屬于組織蛋白酶家族,是在所有人體組織中表達最豐富的半胱氨酸蛋白酶[25]。Cathepsin B被認(rèn)為是神經(jīng)元存活的關(guān)鍵,具有顯著的抗淀粉樣蛋白生成的活性[26, 27]。2016年Moon等[28]人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Cathepsin B是骨骼肌細(xì)胞分泌的一個肌因子,小鼠運動時,血液中的Cathepsin B水平升高,Cathepsin B隨血液循環(huán)通過血腦屏障誘導(dǎo)海馬回中BDNF表達,并促進小鼠海馬神經(jīng)元再生,提高了小鼠的空間記憶能力。在人體實驗中,4個月的跑步機運動后,血漿Cathepsin B水平有所升高,且升高的Cathepsin B水平與海馬功能顯著相關(guān)[29]。長期運動訓(xùn)練(35±15年)促進了中年男性橄欖球運動員記憶力的改善,并降低了BDNF和Cathepsin B的外周靜息水平[5]。由此可見,Cathepsin B-BDNF通路在運動誘導(dǎo)的學(xué)習(xí)記憶等認(rèn)知功能的改善中發(fā)揮著重要作用。
1.3 IGF-1對腦內(nèi)BDNF表達的影響
胰島素樣生長因子1(IGF-1)是調(diào)節(jié)突觸可塑性、影響神經(jīng)生長、神經(jīng)傳遞和增強認(rèn)知功能的重要因子[30, 31]。同時,它還與血管的維持和重塑密切相關(guān),增齡導(dǎo)致的IGF-1減少會降低腦血管密度和腦血流量,從而造成認(rèn)知功能損害[32, 33]。一些體內(nèi)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),運動可以增加外周和腦內(nèi)的IGF-1水平[34-37]。IGF-1水平的增強誘導(dǎo)了海馬BDNF表達水平增加,它們共同被認(rèn)為是運動對學(xué)習(xí)記憶影響的關(guān)鍵因素[38]。動物研究中,運動通過增加大腦對外周循環(huán)中IGF-1的攝取,防止軟骨藻酸誘導(dǎo)的海馬損傷小鼠空間記憶能力的喪失[39]。ZAPPA等[40]人將重組腺病毒介導(dǎo)的IGF-1基因轉(zhuǎn)移到鏈脲佐菌素(STZ)誘導(dǎo)的散發(fā)性阿爾茲海默?。╯AD)大鼠模型上,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),海馬突觸可塑性顯著增強,大鼠的記憶能力明顯改善。人體研究中,與對照組相比,一次力量訓(xùn)練和耐力訓(xùn)練均能提高老年男性血清BDNF和IGF-1濃度[41]。16周的水上運動增加了BDNF和IGF-1的表達,改善了老年女性的認(rèn)知功能[42]。因此,衰老導(dǎo)致血液內(nèi)IGF-1濃度下降,而運動可明顯提高老年人血液中IGF-1水平,并通過調(diào)節(jié)BDNF基因表達,提高學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力。
1.4 乳酸等代謝產(chǎn)物對腦內(nèi)BDNF表達的調(diào)控
乳酸是糖代謝過程中產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)物,在運動中起著重要的作用。小鼠在進行跑臺運動時,肌肉收縮釋放的代謝物乳酸可通過單羧酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白MCT穿過血腦屏障,誘導(dǎo)海馬中BDNF表達,促進大腦學(xué)習(xí)和記憶功能的改善。乳酸可激活NAD+-依賴性組蛋白去乙?;福⊿IRT1),并通過SIRT1/PGC1α/FNDC5/BDNF信號通路介導(dǎo)運動對學(xué)習(xí)和記憶的有益作用[43]。此外,在運動過程中,機體代謝產(chǎn)物如β-羥丁酸、α-酮戊二酸等都可通過外周調(diào)控腦內(nèi)BDNF表達,為運動增強學(xué)習(xí)記憶的作用機制提供了新的方向[44]。
2 運動促進血管生成
血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)是主要的促血管生成因子。VEGF作用于血管壁的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,可促使細(xì)胞分裂并生成新的血管[45],在缺血性腦損傷中具有重要的神經(jīng)保護作用[46]。在動物實驗中,有研究證明VEGF在海馬神經(jīng)發(fā)生中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[47]。有氧運動可以顯著增加大鼠海馬中VEGF的表達,促進海馬神經(jīng)發(fā)生,改善大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,而外周阻斷VEGF完全消除了大鼠齒狀回的長時程增強反應(yīng)(LTP),抵消了運動對海馬神經(jīng)發(fā)生的影響,損害了大鼠的工作記憶[48-50]。Song等[46]人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在腦梗死大鼠模型中,4周中等持續(xù)強度的游泳運動可使大鼠海馬組織中BDNF和VEGF的表達顯著增加,并能促進神經(jīng)再生及血管新生,有益于腦梗死大鼠神經(jīng)認(rèn)知功能的恢復(fù)。在人體實驗中,有研究表明,一次有氧運動和持續(xù)四周的抗阻運動均能增加骨骼肌中VEGF的 mRNA表達水平[51-53]。Voss及其同事做的一項隨機對照實驗證明,有氧運動使老年人大腦顳葉和額葉皮質(zhì)功能連通性增強,這與VEGF的基線水平升高有關(guān)[54]。此外,運動還可通過微囊蛋白1(Caveolin-1)/VEGF通路改善腦卒中后血管新生、神經(jīng)發(fā)生,增強突觸可塑性,幫助中風(fēng)患者恢復(fù)運動和認(rèn)知功能[55]。綜上,運動可以通過調(diào)節(jié)VEGF表達水平,促進血管生成,改善學(xué)習(xí)記憶等認(rèn)知功能。
3 運動增強海馬突觸可塑性
突觸是神經(jīng)元之間在功能上發(fā)生聯(lián)系的部位[56]。突觸可塑性是學(xué)習(xí)、記憶的基礎(chǔ),海馬是學(xué)習(xí)記憶形成的重要場所。因此,運動增強海馬突觸可塑性可能是提高學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的另一重要機制[57]。大量研究表明,運動可對海馬突觸可塑性產(chǎn)生有益作用,防止衰老過程中學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力等認(rèn)知能力的下降[58-60]。在β-淀粉樣蛋白致AD大鼠模型中,8周跑臺運動顯著增加了海馬神經(jīng)元樹突密度和海馬組織中突觸素(synaptophysin)、突觸后致密區(qū)蛋白-95(PSD95)表達水平,提高了大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[58]。4周抗阻訓(xùn)練顯著增加了3xTg轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠海馬突觸前囊泡蛋白synaptotagmin1和synaptobrevin1的表達水平,增加了小鼠海馬突觸可塑性,改善了小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[59]。類似地,付燕等[60]人的研究結(jié)果表明,6周有氧游泳運動可以通過增加海馬PSD95蛋白表達,延緩D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)的SD大鼠腦衰老,減輕衰老過程中的學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能衰退。董軍濤等[61]人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),自主運動、強迫運動及功能性電刺激誘導(dǎo)的運動都可以改善血管性癡呆大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,其機制可能與運動促進海馬區(qū)SYN、PSD95蛋白表達,增強海馬突觸可塑性有關(guān)。
4 運動減輕神經(jīng)炎癥
中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥也稱神經(jīng)炎癥,衰老過程伴隨著炎癥反應(yīng)的增加及學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的下降。運動可通過增強機體免疫功能,緩解衰老所致的慢性炎癥反應(yīng),改善相關(guān)認(rèn)知功能障礙。在Tg2576 轉(zhuǎn)基因AD小鼠模型中,3周的自主跑輪運動顯著降低了腦內(nèi)Aβ斑塊的沉積水平,抑制了促炎細(xì)胞因子腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)及白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平的升高,改善了小鼠的認(rèn)知功能[62]。史衛(wèi)俊等[63]人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)12周的有氧游泳運動通過抑制SD大鼠海馬小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活及炎性因子釋放,緩解D-半乳糖構(gòu)建的衰老大鼠模型腦內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng),改善其學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力。此外,多項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),力量訓(xùn)練也可顯著下調(diào)衰老大鼠腦內(nèi)促炎細(xì)胞因子的分泌,抑制神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng),提高大鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力[59, 64, 65]。在臨床研究中,有規(guī)律的體育運動已被證明可減少IL-6、TNF-α等炎癥標(biāo)志物水平,這與老年人在認(rèn)知測試中的更好表現(xiàn)有關(guān)[66-68]。綜上,炎癥反應(yīng)與老年人學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的衰退有著緊密關(guān)聯(lián),運動可緩解衰老過程中的炎癥反應(yīng),促進認(rèn)知功能的改善。
5 運動增強腦的抗氧化能力
衰老過程中腦內(nèi)活性氧(ROS)產(chǎn)生增多,氧化應(yīng)激和氧化損傷增加。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,累積的氧化應(yīng)激可能是導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知衰老和神經(jīng)退行性疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要機制之一。運動可通過增強腦的抗氧化能力,促進海馬相關(guān)學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的提高。Rahmati等人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),5周力量訓(xùn)練可顯著提高Wistar大鼠海馬谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平和抗氧化酶谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GPX)的活性,增強海馬神經(jīng)元的抗氧化應(yīng)激能力,改善衰老引起的學(xué)習(xí)記憶障礙[69]。Lu[70]等發(fā)現(xiàn),4周跑步機運動顯著減少了鏈脲霉素(STZ)誘導(dǎo)的AD大鼠模型腦內(nèi)4-HNE和8-OHDG等氧化產(chǎn)物水平,降低ROS水平,抑制氧化損傷,改善AD大鼠認(rèn)知功能。氧化應(yīng)激也是造成多巴胺能神經(jīng)元丟失的主要原因之一。Jang等[71]人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),6周的耐力運動顯著改善了MPTP誘導(dǎo)的PD模型小鼠的抗氧化能力,降低了黑質(zhì)致密部多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的氧化損傷,恢復(fù)了PD小鼠的運動障礙。由以上研究可以看出,運動可通過增強一系列抗氧化酶水平,提高腦的抗氧化能力,從而改善衰老導(dǎo)致的學(xué)習(xí)記憶等認(rèn)知功能障礙,發(fā)揮對神經(jīng)退行性疾病的神經(jīng)保護作用。
6 結(jié)語
衰老是生物體不可避免的過程,衰老所致的學(xué)習(xí)記憶功能衰退對老年人的生活質(zhì)量造成了嚴(yán)重影響。因此,如何延緩腦衰老,提高老年人的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,維持終身腦健康已成為當(dāng)今社會關(guān)注的重中之重。運動已被證明對老年人腦學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的改善起到積極的促進作用,可有效預(yù)防和緩解神經(jīng)退行性疾病引起的認(rèn)知障礙。運動改善老年人腦學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力的機制可能與運動增加腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子表達,促進血管生成,增強腦的突觸可塑性和抗氧化能力,降低炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。未來應(yīng)進一步明確不同運動方式及不同運動強度和時間等對老年人腦學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力改善的效果及具體機制,以為老年人制定合理的運動計劃,延緩腦衰老提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
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