[摘" "要]" "目的:探討經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)(percutaneous nephrolithotomy, PCNL)術(shù)后發(fā)生全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS)的危險(xiǎn)因素,為制訂防治SIRS發(fā)生的方案提供參考。方法:回顧性分析2019年1月—2020年12月于南通大學(xué)附屬常熟醫(yī)院行PCNL 97例患者的臨床資料。根據(jù)術(shù)后是否出現(xiàn)SIRS,分為SIRS組和非SIRS組。比較兩組患者性別、年齡、BMI、高血壓病、糖尿病、術(shù)前尿WBC、腎周脂肪條索影(perirenal fat stranding, PFS)、結(jié)石長(zhǎng)徑、手術(shù)通道、手術(shù)時(shí)間的差異。使用多因素Logistic回歸分析SIRS發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果:兩組患者性別、年齡、BMI、高血壓病、糖尿病、結(jié)石長(zhǎng)徑、手術(shù)通道、手術(shù)時(shí)間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);術(shù)前尿WBC、PFS差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。納入BMI、糖尿病、術(shù)前尿WBC、PFS、手術(shù)通道和手術(shù)時(shí)間行多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,術(shù)前尿WBC陽(yáng)性、存在PFS是SIRS發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:PCNL術(shù)后發(fā)生SIRS和術(shù)前尿WBC陽(yáng)性、存在PFS相關(guān),關(guān)注術(shù)前尿WBC和PFS,必要時(shí)給予充分的抗感染治療可能是減少SIRS發(fā)生的重要措施。
[關(guān)鍵詞]" "全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征;經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù);腎周脂肪條索影;危險(xiǎn)因素
[中圖分類號(hào)]" "R691.4" " " " " " " "[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]" "A" " " " " " " "[文章編號(hào)]" "1674-7887(2024)02-0159-04
Analysis of risk factors for post-PCNL SIRS*
FU Zhenyu**#, LU Ke**#, HU Jun, SHI Ming, YU Muyuan, BEI Minglong, GU Yifeng, CHEN Yongchang, ZHANG Ge***" " " " (Department of Urology, Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu 215500)
[Abstract]" "Objective: The study investigates the risk factors for the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) after percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL), aiming to provide reference for the development of strategies to prevent and treat SIRS. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 97 patients who underwent PCNL at the Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Nantong University from January 2019 to December 2020. The patients were divided into SIRS group and non-SIRS group based on the presence or absence of SIRS after surgery. The differences in gender, age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, preoperative WBC count, perirenal fat stranding(PFS), stone size, surgical approach, and operative time were compared between the two groups. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the risk factors for the occurrence of SIRS. Results: The two groups showed no statistically significant differences in terms of gender, age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, stone size, surgical approach, and operative time(all Pgt;0.05). However, there were statistically significant differences in preoperative WBC count and PFS between the two groups(Plt;0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis, incorporating BMI, diabetes, preoperative WBC count, PFS, surgical approach, and operative time, revealed that a positive preoperative WBC count and the presence of PFS were independent risk factors for the occurrence of SIRS(Plt;0.05). Conclusion: The occurrence of SIRS after PCNL is correlated with preoperative positive WBC count and the presence of PFS. Focusing on preoperative WBC count and PFS, providing adequate antimicrobial treatment when necessary may be an important measure to reduce the occurrence of SIRS.
[Key words]" "systemic inflammatory response syndrome; percutaneous nephrolithotomy; perirenal fat stranding; risk factors
上尿路結(jié)石是泌尿外科常見(jiàn)病,經(jīng)皮腎鏡取石術(shù)(percutaneous nephrolithotomy, PCNL)是治療上尿路結(jié)石的最重要方法之一[1-2],但PCNL術(shù)后發(fā)生尿膿毒血癥等并發(fā)癥比其他泌尿外科手術(shù)更常見(jiàn)的事實(shí)也不容忽視[3]。由于尿膿毒血癥的初始階段往往缺乏典型的癥狀,這使臨床上很難在早期識(shí)別其發(fā)生而延誤治療[4],可能發(fā)展成危及生命的敗血癥,即使在后期加強(qiáng)治療,也很難獲得良好的效果[5]。因此,在臨床工作中,盡量避免并及早發(fā)現(xiàn)尿膿毒血癥至關(guān)重要。
有學(xué)者[6]建立PCNL術(shù)后全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS)與早期尿膿毒血癥關(guān)系的臨床風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)SIRS是PCNL術(shù)后是否發(fā)生尿膿毒血癥較為敏感的指標(biāo)。據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[7-8]報(bào)道,PCNL術(shù)后發(fā)生SIRS的誘因眾多,與術(shù)前感染的不良控制、術(shù)中腎盂壓力過(guò)高、雙J管引流不暢等因素有關(guān)。近年來(lái),南通大學(xué)附屬常熟醫(yī)院采用PCNL治療上尿路結(jié)石的過(guò)程中,盡量避免上述危險(xiǎn)因素,但SIRS仍時(shí)有發(fā)生,在一定程度上增加了醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)。故本文回顧性分析PCNL術(shù)后發(fā)生SIRS患者的臨床資料,探尋其他可能的危險(xiǎn)因素,旨在為制訂防治SIRS發(fā)生的方案提供參考。
1" "資料與方法
1.1" "臨床資料" "回顧性分析2019年1月—2020年12月于南通大學(xué)附屬常熟醫(yī)院行PCNL患者的臨床資料納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)上尿路結(jié)石行PCNL手術(shù);(2)由同一團(tuán)隊(duì)醫(yī)師手術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)臨床資料不全;(2)功能或解剖性孤立腎;(3)有腎臟手術(shù)史或多通道PCNL手術(shù)史。有111例患者納入研究,排除14例,其中臨床資料不全4例,功能或解剖性孤立腎4例,有腎臟手術(shù)史或多通道PCNL手術(shù)史6例。最終共97例進(jìn)入回顧性分析,其中男60例,女37例,年齡18~79歲,平均(54.4±12.41)歲,BMI為17~35 kg/m2,高血壓病32例,糖尿病10例。所有患者腎功能正?;蚪咏!?/p>
診療原則根據(jù)《中國(guó)泌尿外科和男科疾病診斷治療指南:2019版》[9]。研究遵循的程序符合2013年修訂的《世界醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)赫爾辛基宣言》要求。本研究獲得南通大學(xué)附屬常熟醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(倫理號(hào):2016027)。所有患者均簽署手術(shù)知情同意書。
1.2" "術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備" "常規(guī)檢查尿常規(guī)和尿細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)。尿細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陽(yáng)性,根據(jù)藥物敏感試驗(yàn)結(jié)果給予抗感染治療,待尿培養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)陰后手術(shù)。尿細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)陰性(尿常規(guī)WBC陰性或陽(yáng)性),術(shù)前30 min靜脈滴注抗生素(第二代頭孢菌素類或喹諾酮類藥物)。
1.3" "手術(shù)方式" "麻醉成功后,患者取斜仰臥位,16~22 Fr的取石通道,鈥激光(能量:1.5~2.0 J,頻率:10~20 Hz)或混合動(dòng)力碎石清石系統(tǒng)(EMS,瑞士)(能量:3.0~3.5 J,頻率:10~20 Hz)碎石取石。具體手術(shù)步驟見(jiàn)參考文獻(xiàn)[10-12]。
1.4" "術(shù)后治療" "術(shù)后常規(guī)臥床休息、監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征等對(duì)癥支持治療。常規(guī)使用與術(shù)前相同的抗生素;如有SIRS發(fā)生,行血液細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)等相關(guān)檢查,必要時(shí)更換抗生素。根據(jù)術(shù)后是否出現(xiàn)SIRS,分為SIRS組和非SIRS組。SIRS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13]:(1)體溫>38 ℃或<36 ℃;(2)心率>90次/min;(3)呼吸>20次/min或存在過(guò)度通氣,動(dòng)脈血二氧化碳分壓<4.3 kPa;(4)WBC計(jì)數(shù)>12×109/L或<4×109/L,或未成熟的WBC>10%。
1.5" "觀察指標(biāo)" "收集97例患者性別、年齡、BMI、高血壓病、糖尿病、術(shù)前尿WBC、腎周脂肪條索影(perirenal fat stranding, PFS)、結(jié)石長(zhǎng)徑、手術(shù)通道、手術(shù)時(shí)間的臨床資料并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。PFS被定義為平掃CT中腎周脂肪組織間隙內(nèi)出現(xiàn)軟組織條索影[10],均由同一位放射科醫(yī)師對(duì)CT影像進(jìn)行評(píng)估是否為PFS(圖1)。
1.6" "統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法" "采用SPSS 27.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包處理數(shù)據(jù)。正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以±s表示,簡(jiǎn)單關(guān)聯(lián)性分析用t檢驗(yàn);偏態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25, P75)表示,簡(jiǎn)單關(guān)聯(lián)性分析用秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比表示,采用簡(jiǎn)單關(guān)聯(lián)性分析χ2檢驗(yàn);當(dāng)T<5時(shí),采用Fisher確切概率法。使用多因素Logistic回歸分析SIRS發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" "結(jié)" " " 果
2.1" "兩組臨床資料單因素分析" "97例均順利完成手術(shù),SIRS組22例(其中尿膿毒血癥4例),非SIRS組75例。兩組患者性別、年齡、BMI、高血壓病、糖尿病、結(jié)石長(zhǎng)徑、手術(shù)通道、手術(shù)時(shí)間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P>0.05);術(shù)前尿WBC、PFS差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。
2.2" "多因素Logistic回歸分析" "納入BMI、糖尿病、術(shù)前尿WBC、PFS、手術(shù)通道和手術(shù)時(shí)間行多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,術(shù)前尿WBC陽(yáng)性、PFS是SIRS發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(表2)。
3" "討" " " 論
PCNL以其最高結(jié)石排凈率的優(yōu)勢(shì),在上尿路結(jié)石治療中占有重要地位,但其可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的感染、大出血等危及患者生命的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不容忽視[13, 15]。有學(xué)者[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),PCNL術(shù)后SIRS和尿膿毒血癥之間密切關(guān)聯(lián),SIRS是較好地鑒別是否感染的依據(jù)。文獻(xiàn)[16]報(bào)道,誘發(fā)PCNL術(shù)后感染的因素眾多。本研究將患者圍術(shù)期常見(jiàn)的、易獲取的指標(biāo)進(jìn)行單因素差異分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)性別、年齡、BMI、高血壓病、糖尿病、結(jié)石長(zhǎng)徑、手術(shù)通道和手術(shù)時(shí)間是否發(fā)生SIRS差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;而術(shù)前尿WBC、PFS與是否發(fā)生SIRS差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因?yàn)槔碚撋闲詣e、年齡、高血壓病是SIRS發(fā)生誘因的可能性小,加之結(jié)石長(zhǎng)徑可能是手術(shù)時(shí)間的混雜因素,本研究?jī)H將BMI、糖尿病、術(shù)前尿WBC、PFS、手術(shù)通道和手術(shù)時(shí)間納入多因素Logistic回歸分析。結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)前尿WBC陽(yáng)性、PFS是PCNL術(shù)后發(fā)生SIRS發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
術(shù)前尿WBC陽(yáng)性和PCNL術(shù)后發(fā)生SIRS密切相關(guān)。尿WBC陽(yáng)性一定程度反映尿路感染的存在,與術(shù)后發(fā)生SIRS、尿膿毒血癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)密切相關(guān),尿WBC陽(yáng)性增加了術(shù)后感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)3~10倍[17-18]。文獻(xiàn)[19]報(bào)道PCNL感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高,對(duì)于尿培養(yǎng)陰性、尿WBC陽(yáng)性患者使用抗生素預(yù)防措施可顯著降低感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且單次劑量就能達(dá)到預(yù)防作用。但本研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,對(duì)于尿培養(yǎng)陰性患者,PCNL術(shù)前僅給予二代頭孢菌素或喹諾酮類藥物單劑抗感染,術(shù)后尿WBC陽(yáng)性比尿WBC陰性患者發(fā)生SIRS的比例要高。提示加強(qiáng)術(shù)前尿WBC陽(yáng)性患者的抗感染對(duì)于預(yù)防術(shù)后PCNL的感染是必要的。
PFS和PCNL術(shù)后發(fā)生SIRS密切相關(guān)。PFS是由于尿液外滲到腎周間隙導(dǎo)致腎周脂肪組織腫脹,而產(chǎn)生的線狀致密改變,平掃CT可以有效識(shí)別PFS[20]。有報(bào)道[21-22]尿路感染患者PFS的檢出率為29.1%~72%。PFS是泌尿系統(tǒng)急性或慢性感染的證據(jù)之一,提示腎臟存在隱匿感染[15]。CT提示PFS的患者應(yīng)在術(shù)后密切監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)熱、尿路感染和尿膿毒血癥的發(fā)生[10]。術(shù)者對(duì)上尿路結(jié)石患者是否伴有尿路感染的判斷依據(jù)多為尿常規(guī)、尿培養(yǎng)和血常規(guī)等,如上述指標(biāo)無(wú)明顯異常,可能忽視隱匿的泌尿系感染而行PCNL手術(shù),從而誘發(fā)SIRS。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PFS是SIRS發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,但將PFS用于PCNL術(shù)后是否發(fā)生SIRS的評(píng)估,尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。因此,術(shù)前關(guān)注患者的腎CT檢查,必要時(shí)給予足夠的抗感染治療,可能會(huì)減少PCNL術(shù)后SIRS發(fā)生的概率。
研究的局限性:樣本量較少,不能很好地反映群體;為單中心研究,代表性不夠強(qiáng),希望以后通過(guò)多中心、前瞻性研究,進(jìn)一步尋找PCNL術(shù)后患者發(fā)生SIRS的誘因。
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[收稿日期] 2024-01-03