彭任忠
【摘要】 目的:探討妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的危險因素并構(gòu)建預測模型,旨在為自然流產(chǎn)高危人群準確識別及早期干預提供更多指導。方法:回顧性納入2018年1月—2023年1月于宜春市婦幼保健院就診的妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者共278例,根據(jù)是否發(fā)生自然流產(chǎn)分為自然流產(chǎn)組(n=40)和妊娠組(n=238)。采用單因素和多因素分析評估妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的獨立危險因素,并基于獨立危險因素構(gòu)建偏回歸系數(shù)模型方程式,分析該模型用于妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)風險預測的臨床效能。結(jié)果:單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組糖化血紅蛋白水平、甘油三酯水平、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)水平及甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體(TPOAb)陽性比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。logistic回歸模型多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,高糖化血紅蛋白水平、高甘油三酯水平、高Hcy水平、高TSH水平及TPOAb陽性均是妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的獨立危險因素(P<0.05)。根據(jù)logistic回歸模型證實的妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的獨立危險因素,構(gòu)建自變量偏回歸系數(shù)模型方程式:妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)風險logit(Y)=1.68+1.63×糖化血紅蛋白(%)+1.85×甘油三酯(mmol/L)+1.48×Hcy(μmol/L)+0.60×TSH(mIU/L)+0.96×TPOAb陽性。受試者操作特征(ROC)曲線分析結(jié)果顯示,上述臨床模型用于妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)風險預測的曲線下面積為0.90[95%CI(0.85,0.97)],最佳cut-off值為8.65,敏感度和特異度分別為86.15%、80.78%。結(jié)論:妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的發(fā)生與高糖化血紅蛋白水平、高甘油三酯水平、高Hcy水平、高TSH水平及TPOAb陽性均有關,而基于上述指標構(gòu)建的預測模型在指導臨床醫(yī)生早期準確識別自然流產(chǎn)高危人群方面顯示出良好價值。
【關鍵詞】 妊娠 甲狀腺功能減退癥 自然流產(chǎn) 危險因素 預測模型
Construction of Risk Forecasting Model for Spontaneous Abortion in Patients with Pregnancy Complicated with Hypothyroidism/PENG Renzhong. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(07): 150-154
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the risk factors of spontaneous abortion in patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism and construct a forecasting model, in order to provide more guidance for accurate identification and early intervention of spontaneous abortion high-risk groups. Method: A total of 278 patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism treated in Yichun Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2018 to January 2023 were retrospectively included, and they were divided into spontaneous abortion group (n=40) and pregnancy group (n=238) according to whether spontaneous abortion occurred. Independent risk factors for spontaneous abortion in patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis, and a partial regression coefficient model equation was constructed based on independent risk factors, and the clinical efficacy of this model in predicting spontaneous abortion risk in patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism was analyzed. Result: The results of single factor analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, homocysteine (Hcy), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positive between the two groups (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis results of logistic regression model showed that high levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, Hcy, TSH and TPOAb positive were independent risk factors of spontaneous abortion in patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism (P<0.05). According to the independent risk factors of spontaneous abortion in patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism confirmed by logistic regression model, the independent variable partial regression coefficient model equation was constructed: the spontaneous abortion risk of patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism logit (Y) =1.68+1.63×glycosylated hemoglobin (%) +1.85×triglyceride (mmol/L) +1.48×Hcy (μmol/L) +0.60×TSH (mIU) +0.96×TPOAb positive. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis results showed that the area under the curve of the above clinical model for predicting the risk of spontaneous abortion in patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism was 0.90 [95%CI (0.85, 0.97)], the optimal cut-off value was 8.65, and the sensitivity and specificity respectively was 86.15% and 80.78%. Conclusion: The occurrence of spontaneous abortion in patients with pregnancy complicated with hypothyroidism is associated with high glycosylated hemoglobin level, high triglyceride level, high Hcy level, low TSH level and TPOAb positive, and the forecasting model based on the above indicators shows good value in guiding clinicians to accurately identify high-risk groups of spontaneous abortion at an early stage.
[Key words] Pregnancy Hypothyroidism Spontaneous abortion Risk factors Forecasting model
First-author's address: Department of Obstetrics, Yichun Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yichun 336000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.07.034
甲狀腺功能減退癥是妊娠期常見合并癥之一,包括臨床和亞臨床甲狀腺功能減退癥兩類[1]。目前研究顯示妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥可影響胎兒神經(jīng)智力發(fā)育,與妊娠結(jié)局不良關系密切,其中以自然流產(chǎn)最為常見[2-3]。以往有關妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥與妊娠結(jié)局不良的報道較多,但不同研究間結(jié)論存在差異,且缺乏針對自然流產(chǎn)預測模型的報道[4-5]?;谝陨献C據(jù),本研究回顧性納入2018年
1月—2023年1月于宜春市婦幼保健院就診的妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者共278例,根據(jù)是否發(fā)生自然流產(chǎn)分組,探討妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的危險因素并構(gòu)建預測模型,旨在為自然流產(chǎn)高危人群準確識別及早期干預提供更多指導。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
納入2018年1月—2023年1月于本院就診的妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥孕婦共278例。(1)納入標準:①單胎妊娠;②尿人絨毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)陽性;③妊娠4~12周篩查證實有甲狀腺功能減退癥[6];④臨床資料完整。(2)排除標準:①妊娠前存在內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)疾病;②異位妊娠;③要求終止妊娠;④合并其他嚴重內(nèi)外科疾??;⑤拒絕配合治療或評估。根據(jù)妊娠28周內(nèi)是否發(fā)生自然流產(chǎn)分為自然流產(chǎn)組(n=40)和妊娠組(n=238)。研究方案經(jīng)本院醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準。
1.2 方法
登錄醫(yī)院電子病歷系統(tǒng)收集患者年齡、孕前體重指數(shù)、孕周、既往分娩情況、孕次、既往流產(chǎn)情況及實驗室指標等資料。實驗室指標包括糖脂代謝指標(空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血紅蛋白、總膽固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇)、甲狀腺功能相關指標[促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、游離三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游離甲狀腺素(FT4)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)]及甲狀腺過氧化物酶抗體(TPOAb)表達情況,上述指標均由本院檢驗科完成,其中TPOAb檢測采用化學免疫發(fā)光法,檢測試劑盒由中山匯康生物技術有限公司提供。隨訪至妊娠28周,記錄自然流產(chǎn)情況,包括生化妊娠、難免流產(chǎn)、不全流產(chǎn)、完全流產(chǎn)及稽留流產(chǎn)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 24.0軟件處理數(shù)據(jù)。計量資料以(x±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗法;多因素分析采用logistic回歸模型,將單因素分析中妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的影響因素納入logistic回歸模型,并根據(jù)自變量偏回歸系數(shù)構(gòu)建模型方程式,描繪受試者操作特征(ROC)曲線評估模型預測效能。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的單因素分析
單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,兩組糖化血紅蛋白、甘油三酯、Hcy、TSH水平及TPOAb陽性比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)多因素分析
logistic回歸模型多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,高糖化血紅蛋白水平、高甘油三酯水平、高Hcy水平、高TSH水平及TPOAb陽性均是妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的獨立危險因素(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3 妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)風險預測模型構(gòu)建及預測效能分析
根據(jù)logistic回歸模型證實的妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的獨立危險因素,構(gòu)建自變量偏回歸系數(shù)模型方程式:妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)風險logit(Y)=1.68+1.63×糖化血紅蛋白(%)+1.85×甘油三酯(mmol/L)+1.48×Hcy(μmol/L)+0.60×TSH(mIU/L)+0.96×TPOAb陽性。ROC曲線分析結(jié)果顯示,上述臨床模型用于妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)風險預測曲線下面積為0.90[95%CI(0.85,0.97)],最佳cut-off值為8.65,敏感度和特異度分別為86.15%、80.78%。見圖1。
3 討論
流行病學報道顯示,妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥發(fā)生率為0.3%~5.0%,其中以亞臨床甲狀腺功能減退癥更為常見[7]。本研究納入妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者共278例中,出現(xiàn)自然流產(chǎn)40例,自然流產(chǎn)率發(fā)生率為14.39%,與以往報道結(jié)果相符[8]。進一步單因素和多因素分析結(jié)果證實,高糖化血紅蛋白水平、高甘油三酯水平、高Hcy水平、高TSH水平及TPOAb陽性均是妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的獨立危險因素。
以往研究提示,妊娠期女性糖脂代謝紊亂狀態(tài)下可導致或加重血管壁損傷,影響胎盤血流灌注,導致胎盤供氧量降低及胎兒生長發(fā)育異常;而甲狀腺功能減退持續(xù)可導致糖脂代謝紊亂問題加重,最終形成惡性循環(huán)[9-10]。本研究結(jié)果中,妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥自然流產(chǎn)患者中,糖化血紅蛋白及甘油三酯水平均更高,進一步支持以上觀點。近年來研究提示Hcy可能參與到妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中[11-12]。本研究結(jié)果證實高Hcy水平是妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)的獨立危險因素,筆者認為這可能與Hcy水平升高可造成胎盤血管床微血栓形成、胎盤血管局部梗死及蛻膜血管壞死等有關,進而導致胎盤血流灌注不足及胎盤功能受損[13-15]。
本研究結(jié)果還顯示,高TSH水平及TPOAb陽性均可增加妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)發(fā)生風險。已有研究顯示,妊娠早期TSH水平升高可導致螺旋動脈侵入不足,影響子宮胎盤血液循環(huán)及胎盤發(fā)育,最終造成自然流產(chǎn)發(fā)生[16-17];亦有學者報道認為,女性自然流產(chǎn)與TSH水平升高有關,推測TSH水平變化可能干擾血清丙二醛及超氧化物歧化酶表達,導致脂質(zhì)過氧化增加,從而增加自然流產(chǎn)風險[18]。TPOAb是自身免疫性甲狀腺疾病中常見抗體之一,TPOAb陽性提示甲狀腺存在明顯炎癥,加重機體免疫抑制狀態(tài),影響甲狀腺儲備功能,從而加重甲狀腺功能損傷[19]。有報道提示,TPOAb陽性女性流產(chǎn)的風險往往更高,TPOAb陽性已被證實與流產(chǎn)及其他妊娠不良事件發(fā)生風險成正相關[20]。
確定妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)危險因素并構(gòu)建預測模型能夠更精準指導臨床醫(yī)生早期識別自然流產(chǎn)高危人群,從而制訂更為科學合理的預防干預方案,最大限度改善妊娠結(jié)局。既往研究顯示,基于logistic回歸模型自變量偏回歸系數(shù)構(gòu)建預測模型已被廣泛用于臨床良惡性病變罹患風險預測及預后評估,并顯示出良好準確性及穩(wěn)定性。本研究基于相關獨立危險因素構(gòu)建自變量偏回歸系數(shù)模型方程式并進一步ROC曲線分析結(jié)果顯示,上述臨床模型用于妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)風險預測曲線下面積為0.90[95%CI(0.85,0.97)],最佳cut-off值為8.65,敏感度和特異度分別為86.15%、80.78%,提示上述臨床模型在妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)風險預測方面顯示出良好效能,考慮到相關指標臨床較為常用,故更適合在基層醫(yī)院推廣應用。
綜上所述,妊娠伴甲狀腺功能減退癥患者自然流產(chǎn)發(fā)生與高糖化血紅蛋白水平、高甘油三酯水平、高Hcy水平、高TSH水平及TPOAb陽性均有關,而基于上述指標構(gòu)建的預測模型在指導臨床醫(yī)生早期準確識別自然流產(chǎn)高危人群方面顯示出良好價值。
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(收稿日期:2024-01-08) (本文編輯:陳韻)