【摘要】近年隨著設(shè)備和技術(shù)的改進(jìn)及操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不斷積累,冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變的經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)發(fā)展迅速,但不成功的血運(yùn)重建增加了心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn),影響了預(yù)后,使得冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變?nèi)匀皇墙槿胄呐K病專(zhuān)家面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一?,F(xiàn)通過(guò)回顧既往冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變行PCI的相關(guān)臨床證據(jù),分析冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變行PCI的獲益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以期為臨床醫(yī)生應(yīng)用PCI治療冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】慢性完全閉塞;經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療;預(yù)后;臨床證據(jù)
【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2023.02.005
【Abstract】In recent years,with the improvement of equipment and technology and the accumulation of operational experience,the rapid development of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion has been achieved.However,unsuccessful revascularization is associated with poor major adverse cardiovascular events,making chronic total occlusion still one of the greatest challenges for interventional cardiologists.This review aims to analyze the benefits and risks of percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion by reviewing previous clinical evidence,in order to provide a theoretical basis for guiding clinicians.
【Key words】Chronic total occlusion;Percutaneous coronary intervention;Outcome;Clinical evidence
冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)病變定義為冠狀動(dòng)脈完全閉塞,冠狀動(dòng)脈無(wú)順行血流,持續(xù)時(shí)間>3個(gè)月[1]。在接受冠狀動(dòng)脈造影的冠心病患者中CTO患病率為15%~25%[2-3]。隨著設(shè)備和技術(shù)的改進(jìn)及操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不斷積累,CTO-經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)發(fā)展迅速,比較藥物治療和血運(yùn)重建的EuroCTO研究的數(shù)據(jù)顯示CTO-PCI的成功率最高可達(dá)80%以上[4] 。但是不成功的血運(yùn)重建與較差的心血管復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件相關(guān),特別是術(shù)后心腦血管復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率明顯增高[5],使得CTO仍然是介入心臟病專(zhuān)家面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一。現(xiàn)回顧目前CTO病變的PCI相關(guān)臨床證據(jù),分析CTO病變行PCI的獲益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn),以期指導(dǎo)臨床醫(yī)生選擇CTO病變的治療策略。
CTO病變的PCI相關(guān)臨床研究詳見(jiàn)表1。CTO-PCI的獲益是改善相應(yīng)區(qū)域的心肌灌注,緩解缺血,從而改善癥狀、改善左心室功能和減少主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)。通過(guò)正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描灌注成像評(píng)估CTO遠(yuǎn)端心肌灌注顯示無(wú)論側(cè)支循環(huán)程度如何,CTO供血區(qū)域的存活心肌仍然處于缺血狀態(tài)[6]。目前一些臨床試驗(yàn)評(píng)估成功的CTO血運(yùn)重建的獲益主要包括幾方面:減少心絞痛以改善生活癥狀,改善左心室功能,改善血流灌注,減少?gòu)?fù)合終點(diǎn)事件及降低死亡率。
1"CTO-PCI獲益與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
1.1"CTO-PCI與改善生活質(zhì)量
EuroCTO研究[4]評(píng)估PCI與最佳藥物治療(optimal medical therapy,OMT)相比對(duì)患者癥狀改善的作用,并通過(guò)西雅圖心絞痛問(wèn)卷(Seattle angina questionnaire,SAQ)客觀評(píng)估。在12個(gè)月時(shí),研究人員觀察到PCI組與OMT組相比,在心肌梗死頻率(HR=5.23,95%CI 1.75~8.71,P=0.003)和生活質(zhì)量(HR=6.62,95%CI 1.78~11.46,P=0.007)方面有更大的改善。在完全無(wú)心絞痛發(fā)作方面,PCI組比OMT組的比例更高(71.6% vs 57.8%)。在12個(gè)月時(shí),兩組之間的MACE發(fā)生率相當(dāng)。Hirai等[7]的研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了CTO-PCI對(duì)難治性心絞痛患者癥狀改善的作用。在12個(gè)月時(shí),研究人員觀察到PCI組與OMT組相比,對(duì)心絞痛頻率改善程度和SAQ總結(jié)評(píng)分改善程度明顯更高。然而,DECISION-CTO研究[8]得到了相反的結(jié)果。研究者應(yīng)用SAQ客觀評(píng)估在術(shù)后1、6、12、24、36個(gè)月PCI組和OMT組患者運(yùn)動(dòng)受限程度、心絞痛頻率、治療滿意度、生活質(zhì)量,結(jié)果顯示兩組間各方面均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。但是該試驗(yàn)有一些局限性,包括納入慢、終止提前、兩組交叉比例高、非CTO病變PCI頻率高以及納入患者癥狀輕微或無(wú)癥狀。因此上述臨床研究證據(jù)提示CTO-PCI可以改善患者的生活質(zhì)量。
1.2"CTO-PCI與心功能改善
CTO-PCI研究中關(guān)注的另一個(gè)重要方面是左心室收縮功能的改善。Wang等[9]的研究顯示,超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)估的整體縱向應(yīng)變從術(shù)后第1天開(kāi)始改善[術(shù)前(-13.25±1.86)%;術(shù)后1天(-14.54±2.06)%,P<0.001;3個(gè)月(-15.51±2.05)%,P<0.001;6個(gè)月(-16.58±2.17)%,P<0.001],而左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)在術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月有改善的趨勢(shì)[術(shù)前(59.35±10.16)%;術(shù)后1天(60.35±10.48)%,P=0.112;3個(gè)月(61.95±10.20)%,P<0.001;6個(gè)月(65.86±9.83)%,P<0.001]。Meng等[10]的研究表明,PCI治療組用心臟超聲評(píng)估的整體縱向應(yīng)變和LVEF有顯著改善,與OMT組相比也有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但REVASC研究[11]卻顯示了不同結(jié)果。研究顯示CTO-PCI組和OMT組關(guān)于1年節(jié)段心室壁增厚變化無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。有多方面因素影響了這一結(jié)果:OMT組的非CTO病變血管血運(yùn)重建可增加側(cè)支血流,使冠狀動(dòng)脈閉塞所覆蓋的心肌功能得以恢復(fù)。這一推測(cè)源于該試驗(yàn)的一項(xiàng)亞組分析。該亞組分析顯示,對(duì)于非CTO血管病變(SYNTAX評(píng)分<13分)的亞組人群,CTO-PCI組較OMT組1年內(nèi)節(jié)段心室壁增厚明顯改善。此外,成功的CTO-PCI不僅可使射血分?jǐn)?shù)正常的患者獲益,最近一項(xiàng)薈萃分析[25]表明,成功的CTO-PCI可以改善術(shù)前LVEF,改善患者的心功能。
1.3"CTO-PCI與改善血流灌注
de Winter等[6]研究顯示CTO血運(yùn)重建后增加了遠(yuǎn)端心肌血流[(2.48±0.75)mL/(min·g)vs(2.29±0.67)mL/(min·g),P<0.01]和冠狀動(dòng)脈血流儲(chǔ)備(2.74±0.85 vs 2.48±0.76,P<0.01)。Schumacher等[12]研究顯示,CTO與非CTO病變相比,灌注缺損面積更大,心肌血流更低,冠狀動(dòng)脈血流儲(chǔ)備同樣受損。PCI術(shù)后,兩組間術(shù)后殘留的灌注缺損無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,心肌血流和冠狀動(dòng)脈血流儲(chǔ)備增加至正常范圍。因此,目前的臨床研究均說(shuō)明CTO-PCI明顯改善血流灌注。
1.4"CTO-PCI與MACE發(fā)生率及手術(shù)并發(fā)癥
在觀察性研究和隨機(jī)臨床試驗(yàn)之間,關(guān)于死亡率和MACE等硬終點(diǎn)的文獻(xiàn)結(jié)果存在很大的不一致。DECISION CTO試驗(yàn)[8]顯示PCI組和OMT組之間MACE無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。該研究[8]排除了LVEF<30%的患者,然而射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低的患者可能從血管重建術(shù)中獲益更多[26]。薈萃分析[27]顯示,當(dāng)納入觀察性研究和臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)后,OMT的患者比接受CTO-PCI的患者全因死亡率、心源性死亡率、MACE更高。然而,當(dāng)只納入隨機(jī)研究時(shí),總體死亡率或心源性死亡OMT組和PCI組沒(méi)有差異。Gong等[28]研究顯示隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí),CTO血運(yùn)重建較無(wú)血運(yùn)重建患者減少心源性死亡,包括全因死亡、心源性死亡、心肌梗死、靶病變血運(yùn)重建、再住院、心力衰竭和卒中的復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件二者無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Park等[13]觀察到,與OMT相比,CTO-PCI可能降低10年心臟死亡率(HR=0.44,95% CI 0.32~0.59,P<0.001)。薈萃分析[5]顯示,與失敗的PCI相比,CTO-PCI相關(guān)的死亡、卒中、冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)和復(fù)發(fā)性心絞痛的發(fā)生率均較低。Xenogiannis等[14]研究顯示,成功的CTO-PCI與失敗的CTO-PCI相比,降低了1年心血管復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件、死亡及心肌梗死發(fā)生率。
經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈和經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路的CTO-PCI安全性也存在不同。與經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路相比,經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈入路可減少短期凈不良臨床事件、心源性死亡、全因死亡、出血和通路部位并發(fā)癥;還可以增加患者舒適度,盡早下床活動(dòng),縮短住院時(shí)間[29]。但是,經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈入路血管尺寸較小,血管痙攣發(fā)生率高,限制了一些設(shè)備的應(yīng)用,因此,在CTO-PCI中的應(yīng)用受到了限制。近年來(lái),隨著技術(shù)和設(shè)備的進(jìn)展,橈動(dòng)脈入路的限制逐漸減少。Meijers等[15]的研究顯示在接受復(fù)雜冠狀動(dòng)脈病變大口徑入路PCI的患者中,橈動(dòng)脈入路與股靜脈入路相比,可顯著減少臨床相關(guān)入路部位出血或血管并發(fā)癥,且不影響手術(shù)成功。來(lái)自北美洲和歐洲23個(gè)中心的3 790例CTO-PCI病例[16]顯示,橈動(dòng)脈入路從2012年的11%增加到2018年的67%。與僅經(jīng)股動(dòng)脈入路干預(yù)相比,經(jīng)橈動(dòng)脈入路和橈動(dòng)脈-股動(dòng)脈入路在技術(shù)和程序上具有相似的成功,且大出血率較低。但是單純橈動(dòng)脈入路的患者年齡更小,J-CTO評(píng)分更低。meta分析[30]顯示橈動(dòng)脈通路CTO-PCI比股動(dòng)脈通路CTO-PCI手術(shù)血管并發(fā)癥更少,但院內(nèi)死亡率和復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。然而,在股動(dòng)脈通路CTO-PCI有更多的合并癥和更高的平均J-CTO評(píng)分。
總而言之,CTO-PCI對(duì)于頻繁發(fā)作心絞痛,證實(shí)CTO供血區(qū)域存在明顯缺血,心功能減低的患者獲益更明顯,比藥物治療及不成功的CTO-PCI可以明顯改善生活質(zhì)量、降低死亡率及心肌梗死發(fā)生率。
2"特殊人群行CTO-PCI的獲益與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
特殊人群(CABG后的患者、高齡患者)行CTO-PCI的獲益和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與一般人群可能存在差異。
2.1"CABG患者
最近的一項(xiàng)研究[31]表明,約一半的CABG患者在接受冠狀動(dòng)脈造影后被診斷為CTO,然而,到目前為止,針對(duì)這類(lèi)患者的治療既沒(méi)有公認(rèn)的指導(dǎo)方針,也沒(méi)有公認(rèn)的共識(shí)。Abdelrahman等[17]研究證實(shí)與原冠狀動(dòng)脈PCI相比,旁路移植PCI術(shù)后血運(yùn)重建術(shù)、心肌梗死發(fā)生率、住院死亡率更高。
既往接受CABG是CTO-PCI患者的預(yù)測(cè)因子[18]。失敗的原因主要有:首先,接受過(guò)CABG的CTO血運(yùn)重建患者年齡更大,并出現(xiàn)更多的共?。?2],這些已被證實(shí)為CTO-PCI失敗的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因素[33]。其次,病變特征方面,既往接受CABG的患者在接受CTO介入后往往表現(xiàn)出病變?cè)u(píng)分更高和血管解剖更加復(fù)雜[19]。既往CABG患者行CTO-PCI的臨床預(yù)后存在爭(zhēng)議。拉丁美洲的多中心CTO-PCI登記研究[19]顯示,與未行CABG的患者相比,既往行CABG的患者年齡更高,有更多的共病、更高的解剖復(fù)雜性和相似的住院不良事件發(fā)生率。meta分析[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),與無(wú)CABG病史的患者比較,既往有CABG病史的患者表現(xiàn)出更高的住院死亡率和心肌梗死發(fā)生率。PROGRESS-CTO注冊(cè)研究[18]顯示有CABG病史的患者較無(wú)CABG病史的患者住院死亡率更高。隨訪1年,心血管復(fù)合終點(diǎn)事件發(fā)生率也較高。 而Rathod等[20]研究則顯示經(jīng)過(guò)傾向匹配后有或無(wú)CABG患者的全因死亡率無(wú)顯著差異。Shoaib等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)住院期間、PCI術(shù)后30 d、1年死亡率均無(wú)顯著差異。因此,CABG是PCI操作失敗的預(yù)測(cè)因子。如需進(jìn)行介入治療,建議選擇原冠狀動(dòng)脈行CTO-PCI,但目前的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)表明CABG患者行CTO-PCI的預(yù)后存在爭(zhēng)議。
2.2"老年患者
CTO的患病率隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而增加,然而,老年患者經(jīng)常被排除在與CTO相關(guān)的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)或注冊(cè)研究之外,使得到目前為止,對(duì)于老年CTO患者的治療策略尚無(wú)廣泛的共識(shí)和指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
老年患者常常伴有多種合并癥,包括貧血、慢性腎功能不全和心力衰竭,增加了與CTO-PCI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),特別是大出血、造影劑腎病、冠狀動(dòng)脈穿孔的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯增加。高齡CTO-PCI的評(píng)估關(guān)鍵是手術(shù)成功率和預(yù)后。納入7項(xiàng)研究的薈萃分析[35]顯示CTO-PCI在年齡≥75歲和<75歲患者中手術(shù)成功率(82.8% vs 78.1%,P>0.05)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Su等[22]的研究顯示老年(≥75歲)組的手術(shù)成功率低于非老年(<75歲)組(73.53% vs 84.83%,P=0.040),但兩組間住院MACE、血管通路并發(fā)癥和大出血發(fā)生率無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Zhang等[23]的研究顯示老年患者與非老年患者CTO-PCI的總體技術(shù)成功率無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。老年患者3年心臟死亡率高于非老年患者(15.0% vs 4.6%,P<0.011)。經(jīng)PCI再通的CTO老年患者與未開(kāi)通CTO的老年患者的3年心臟死亡率無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。Flores-Umanzor等[24]研究顯示PCI較藥物治療降低心源性死亡和全因死亡率,但是PCI組和CABG組兩組間死亡率無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。CABG或PCI哪個(gè)更適合于有CTO的老年患者,目前尚無(wú)臨床隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的臨床證據(jù)。對(duì)66例年齡≥80歲接受冠狀動(dòng)脈血運(yùn)重建治療的患者進(jìn)行的薈萃分析[36]顯示,接受冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋術(shù)治療的多支血管病變患者和男性患者的數(shù)量多于接受PCI治療的患者,并且顯示CABG和PCI之間的術(shù)后30 d死亡率和1年生存率均相似。這與其他臨床研究結(jié)果一致[37]。鑒于目前老年和非老年患者的CTO-PCI成功率相似,故老年患者行CTO-PCI是否獲益仍存在爭(zhēng)議。
3"總結(jié)與展望
CTO-PCI可以明顯改善患者CTO病變遠(yuǎn)端心肌血流,增加冠狀動(dòng)脈血流儲(chǔ)備,改善心絞痛癥狀和生活質(zhì)量,改善左心室功能,減少M(fèi)ACE,對(duì)于頻繁發(fā)作心絞痛、射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低的患者獲益更大,但是對(duì)于既往CABG手術(shù)史的人群和高齡人群心血管獲益存在爭(zhēng)議。今后有更先進(jìn)的設(shè)備和技術(shù)減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,取得更大的凈獲益,更多的臨床研究為特殊人群CTO是否適宜行PCI治療提供循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù),以期建立更具體的評(píng)分體系,更準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)估每一個(gè)個(gè)體CTO-PCI的獲益及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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收稿日期:2022-11-03