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FOREIGN HISTORY STUDIES

CONTENTS（No.2，2023）

East Asian Civilization Studies

The Breaking of Diplomatic Relations to Ming Dynasty by Ashikaga Yoshimochi and the Linkage

of His Internal and External Policies——A New Probe into the Cause of Diplomatic Interruption

between Ming and Japan in the Early 15th century Ma Yunchao（4）

Russia’s Persistent Exploitation of Forest Resources in Northeast China after Completion of

Middle East RailwayJiang Liwen and Ma Liang（16）

Sun Yat sen’s Asian Imagination and JapanLv Meiling（23）

Constructing the “Memory Realms” of Social Trauma——Centering on of Japanese Atrocities

Group against ChinaLi Guang and Yang Junli（31）

Ancient Civilization Studies

On the International System in the Near East during the Amarna AgeYuan Zhihui（38）

The Rise and Fall of Carthage and Their Multicultural CharacterHe Libo（51）

Justin Martyr and “Christian Philosophy” in the 2nd Century ADZhang Like（65）

Europe-America Studies

The Research on the Neo-Roman Theory of Liberty in England in the 17th Century

Jiang Jing（76）

On the Relationship between Anglo-Indian Colonial Medicine and Caste System during the

19th Century Chai Bin and Cheng Guanyu（86）

The Rejection of Early Japanese Immigrants in the United States and Its Response （1885—1908）Shi Hui（99）

The Ancient and Modern Silk Road Studies

A New Analysis of the Centennial Changes in the Regional Pattern of the Modern Middle East

Huang Minxing（109）

Aliyah Movement of Yemeni Jews： Evolution and MotivationYang Yulong（124）

English Abstract（142）

The Award Ceremony of the Third “Ri Zhi World History Prize” and the First High-level Forum on

the Development of Chinese World History Disciplines in the New Era Held Successfully in Beijing

Cover Ⅱ

The Appointment Ceremony of the Academic Committee of the “Shangshan World History Research

Foundation” and the World History Discipline Development Seminar Held Successfully

Cover Ⅲ

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

The Breaking of Diplomatic Relations to Ming Dynasty by Ashikaga Yoshimochi and the Linkage of His Internal and External Policies——A New Probe into the Cause of Diplomatic Interruption between Ming and Japan in the Early 15th CenturyMa Yunchao

Ashikaga Yoshimochi（足利義持）was not determined to break the diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty at the beginning of his succession. The opportunity to put it into practice was that Shiba Yoshimasa（斯波義將）， who supported foreign trade， had died. During the period of Ashikaga Yoshimochi， the power structure between Shōgun（將軍）and Shugo Daimyō（守護(hù)大名）was different from that of the previous generation， and the policy of banning Japanese pirates became difficult， which was the realistic reason why he had to stop the diplomacy with Ming Dynasty. Moreover， in order to resist the Go-nanchō Regime（后南朝）， Yoshimochi tried to raise the political status of Tennōke Family（天皇家）. He must avoid the problem of the relationship between the King of Japan and the Emperor caused by Ming Dynasty’s canonization. The Ming-Japan relation during Ashikaga Yoshimitsu’s（足利義滿） rule was established on the basis of his autocracy， and it was achieved under unique historical conditions. However， when such conditions vanished during Ashikaga Yoshimochi’s reign， the Ashikaga shogunate was forced to restore its original status. In the period of Ashikaga Yoshinori（足利義教）， the above problems were basically solved， which laid the foundation for restoration of diplomatic relations with Ming Dynasty.

Russia’s Persistent Exploitation of Forest Resources in Northeast China after Completion of Middle East RailwayJiang Liwen and Ma Liang

From the 19th century to the turn of the 20th century， in order to control the sphere of influence in northeastern china， czar built the Middle East Railway and the South Manchuria Railway line and the brigadier port on the basis of the unequal treaty between China and Russia and the treaty of concession and the joint eastern railway company contract. To this end， the forest resources in China along the Middle East Railway began to be harvested， consumed and plundered in huge quantities， causing serious damage to the forest ecology in northeast China. After the completion of the Middle East Railway in July 1903， the Russian side continued its frenzied exploitation and sale of forest resources on both sides of the Middle East Railway in order to continue to gain economic benefits， invoking the privileges granted by the statute of the Railway. Although the Qing government made many representations， the Middle East Railway Company renewed the Ji-tree planting contract and the Heilongjiang Railway Company logging contract with China on August 30， 1907 and April 1908， respectively.

Sun Yat sen’s Asian Imaginationand JapanLv Meiling

Sun Yat-sen went to Hawaii from the age of thirteen and began to receive a Western-style education until he graduated from the Hong Kong School of Western Medicine at the age of twenty-six. His Western-style life， growth and learning experience formed his cognition of Western civilization， which inevitably included his understanding of its aggression. Nonetheless， the Western system and utensil civilization also became an indispensable ideological basis for Sun Yat-sen’s political revolution. At the same time， his understanding of the West and his dissatisfaction with the reality of China led him to think about China’s survival and future development. Under such a life and thought trajectory， Sun Yat-sen had almost nothing to do with Japan in the early days. However， Japan and the Japanese have played a crucial role in the revolutionary process of his life. Among them，The imagination of Asia played a certain role in the connection between Sun Yat-sen and Japan.

Constructing the “MemoryRealms” of Social Trauma——Centering on of Japanese Atrocities Group against ChinaLi Guang and Yang Junli

During the Japanese invasion of China， the Japanese invaders carried out a series of atrocious battlefield atrocities in China， such as the Holocaust， bacterial warfare， chemical warfare and forced conscription of comfort women， leaving a large number of documents， cultural relics， audio and video and other historical materials that can confirm and expose the crimes of Japan， which can be called the historical materials group of Japanese atrocities in China.These historical materials are not only the powerful evidence of the Japanese aggressors’ flagrant provocation of the war and atrocities on the battlefield， but also the concrete carrier of constructing the traumatic memories of Chinese society. Therefore， it is necessary to make full use of historical materials group of Japanese atrocities against China， construct a “memory Realms” of Chinese panoramic social trauma through literalization， audiovisual and intellectual approaches in multilingual literature， space and ceremony， textbooks and courses， and deconstruct the historical nihilism of Japanese right-wing forces in their attempt to deny Japanese atrocities against China. And a misplaced memory that turns the “perpetrator” into the “victim” and makes it a shared memory for human society to reflect on the war.

On the International System in the Near East during the Amarna AgeYuan Zhihui

During the Amarna era， an international system， i.e.， the Amarna system， was formed in the Near East， which included the most of the region of West Asia and North Africa. The Amarna system had a hierarchical structure in which the participants were divided into three levels： the great powers， the independent states， and the vassal states. The hierarchical structure determines the mode and rules of interaction， the principle of reciprocity was pursued among the great powers and between the great powers and the independent states， while submission and protection are the rules of interaction between the suzerain state and the vassal state. The Amarna system was not a homogeneous system， but was mainly a patchwork of empires， which determined the political dynamics of the system as a multi-state system. The inherent imperial impulse to expand， the uncontrollable risk of inter-imperial bordering areas and the internal instability of the empire brought about greater or lesser instability in the Amarna system. The level of productive in the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C.， on the one hand， determined the limits of imperial expansion and， on the other， limited the capacity of the vassal states to expand， thus giving the Amarna system a degree of stability.

The Rise and Fall of Carthage and Their Multicultural CharacterHe Libo

Carthage was a branch of the Phoenicia and one of the most famous commercial peoples of the ancient world. Based in North Africa， the Carthaginians established numerous colonies in the western part of the Mediterranean world and constructed a maritime trade network that spanned the eastern， western and southern parts of the Mediterranean， forming the ancient world-famous maritime commercial empire. As the Carthaginian sea power expanded， it clashed for more than two centuries with the Greeks， who colonized the west， and the Romans， who rose up in the Italian Peninsula， was eventually destroyed by the new Roman Republic in the 146 B.C. In the works of the intellectual elites of ancient Greece and Rome， a lot of negative narration about Carthage was formed， and the images of the Carthaginians such as greed， treachery and cruelty were formed. Carthage in the late Punic period was revived after Augustus’ reconstruction and became the ruling center of Roman Africa. Lacking of originality， Carthage civilization， though the Greek civilization， Egyptian civilization and Roman civilization， formed a multi-civilization characteristics.

Justin Martyr and “Christian Philosophy” in the 2nd Century ADZhang Like

In the 2nd century AD， the development of Christian thought encountered the problem of “regional cultural integration”， which is how to combine the “Faith” of Hebrew culture and the “Reason” of Greek culture and create a cross-regional thought system. The apologists represented by Justin Martyr solved this problem well： he introduced traditional Greek philosophy to develop Christian theology， promoted the development of “Christian philosophy，” and made it possible for those who respected traditional philosophy to accept Christianity emotionally. At the same time， such efforts enriched the content of Christian thought， made it more vitality， and laid a foundation for it to become a global cultural system across the former boundary of specific regions and groups.

The Research on the Neo-Roman Theory of Liberty in England in the 17th CenturyJiang Jing

When the English Civil War broke out in the 17th century， Henry Parker， James Harrington and John Milton vigorously promoted the neo-roman theory of liberty in order to resist the despotism of the Stuart dynasty. The neo-roman theory of liberty emphasized that “freedom” would be limited by dependencies， advocated civil liberties and community liberties， and advocated a radical republican government. During the period of The Republic of England， the neo-roman theory of liberty defended the overthrow of the kingship of Charles I and the establishment of the republic， and its political practice and influence reached its peak. After the Glorious Revolution， the influence of the neo-roman theory of liberty gradually declined， but left a rich ideological legacy， which had explicit or implicit influences on the American Revolutionary War and Marxism.

On the Relationship between Anglo-Indian Colonial Medicine and Caste System during the 19th CenturyChai Bin and Cheng Guanyu

During the British colonial period in India， in view of the strong influence of India’s traditional caste system， the Anglo-Indian colonial authorities paid more attention to respecting and conforming to the system in the process of formulating colonial medical policies and carrying out colonial medical practice， and established the principle of attaching more importance to the interests of the upper caste and using the authority of the upper caste. In addition， this concept has been actively implemented in the training of local Indian doctors， the promotion of vaccination， the improvement of public health conditions and the construction of medical facilities， so as to basically avoid the conflict between western medical concepts and Indian traditional system， and realize two “harmonious coexistence” among them. However， this did not change the essence of Anglo-Indian colonial medicine， that is，the British colonialists took advantage of the caste differentiation in India and used colonial medicine as a carrier to promote colonial hegemony rather than a tool to serve Indian society.

The Rejection of Early Japanese Immigrants in the United States and Its Response （1885—1908）Shi Hui

After the disintegration of traditional Japanese society following the Meiji Restoration， a wave of overseas immigration occurred among its citizens， a significant portion of which immigrated to the United States. From the beginning of the successive immigration of Japanese to the United States， the western states of the United States， mainly California， began to discriminate against and reject Japanese immigrants. Using the same rhetoric that had been used to exclude Chinese immigrants， they started a wave of anti-Japanese activities in the western United States， and violent anti-Japanese rhetoric and actions occurred. The exclusionists demanded that Congress pass anti-Japanese legislation similar to the Chinese Exclusion Act in order to prohibit Japanese immigrants from entering the United States. However， unlike the weak Qing Government， Japan had already become a new empire and established itself as a world power through its victories in the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War. The U.S. federal government persuaded Japan to prohibit labor immigration by banning the issuance of passports to laborers， in order to take into account Japan’s dignity and not to anger Japan too much. The result was the Gentlemen’s Agreement between the United States and Japan in 1907.

A New Analysis of the Centennial Changes in the Regional Pattern of the Modern Middle East Huang Minxing

The changes in the regional pattern of the Middle East since 1900 can be divided into five stages： the first one is the disintegration of the traditional regional order from 1900 to 1920； the second one is the rise and fall of the colonial order of Europe and the overall formation of the nation state system in the Middle East" from 1920 to 1947； the third one is the Cold War and the rise of nationalism in the Middle East from 1947 to 1979； the fourth one is the period of economic and political transformation from 1979 to 2011； the fifth one is the period of great turbulence， division， and restructuring from 2011 to 2022 . Since the beginning of the 20th century， the changes in the regional pattern of the Middle East have the following characteristics： with the collapse of the imperial system and the dissolution of the caliphate system after World War I， the Middle East has lost its position as one of the main players in modern global politics； after World War I， the regional pattern of the Middle East was further fragmentation； the rich oil and gas resources in the Middle East have had a significant impact on both the patterns of the Middle East and the world； the pan nationalism in the Middle East has had a significant impact on both the regional patterns of the Middle East and the Asian continent； the social development characteristics of the Middle East have influenced the modernization process and regional pattern of the region； the Middle East has missed the opportunity for world modernization development， and the most economies of the region are facing various problems； there are numerous conflicts among Middle Eastern countries with serious regional impacts； there has never been a strong and stable core country in the contemporary Middle East； the three major monotheistic religions， especially Islam， have maintained a sustained influence on the Middle East landscape； the Middle East has become the region with the strongest anti-Western sentiment in the world； the Middle East maintains significant influence on the external world from different levels； since the beginning of the 20th century， the external forces that influence the Middle East region have undergone significant changes.

Aliyah Movement of Yemeni Jews： Evolution and MotivationYang Yulong

Yemeni Jews are a Jewish community that has lasted for more than 2，600 years. They left Yemen during the Aliyah movement in the first half of the 20th century， and gradually integrated into the Jewish society of Palestine and the State of Israel established in 1948. The historical evolution of the Aliyah movement of Yemeni Jews can be divided into three historical stages.The motives of the Aliyah movement of Yemeni Jews are multidimensional： the awakening and turning of the concept of the Jewish state under the influence of modern Zionism is the main source of identity； the survival dilemma caused by the deterioration of inter-ethnic relations between the Arabs and Jews is the real motivation of the Aliyah movement；the religious drive under the influence of messianic ideas provided the power for the early Aliyah movement； The population immigration strategy promoted by the Palestinian Yishuv and the Israeli government， as well as the support provided by the International Jewish Organization， provided immigration receiving countries， external assistance and material conditions for the implementation of the Aliyah movement. It is under the combined influence of these multi-dimensional motivations that Yemeni Jews returned to their “homeland” through the Aliyah movement and tried to integrate into Israel’s multicultural society. However， under the “melting pot” environment， they faced social integration， identity adjustment and other ethnic equalization challenge.