馬寧 張偉華 孫曉柯 張亮 郭瑞明 徐昊 張新 喬晨暉
【摘要】目的 探討冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的發(fā)生現(xiàn)況及其相關(guān)影響因素。方法 對于2021年1月—2022年12月在鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院接受治療的445例冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)后患者臨床資料進行回顧性分析,將發(fā)生認知功能障礙的患者納入障礙組[術(shù)后第7天采用簡易精神狀態(tài)評價量表評估認知功能,顯示評分<27分],無認知功能障礙的患者納入無障礙組。統(tǒng)計冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的發(fā)生現(xiàn)況,比較兩組臨床資料,予以Lasso回歸分析法分析冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的危險因素,并構(gòu)建預(yù)測模型,繪制受試者操作特征曲線分析其對冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的預(yù)測價值。結(jié)果 445例冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)后患者中有54例簡易精神狀態(tài)評價量表評分<27分,認知功能障礙發(fā)生率為12.13%。障礙組年齡大于無障礙組;氣管導(dǎo)管帶管時間、加強監(jiān)護病房停留時間長于無障礙組;On-pump術(shù)、有高血壓、鎮(zhèn)靜藥物使用、腎功能異常、重度冠狀動脈狹窄的患者占比分別為61.11%、40.74%、57.41%、59.26%、24.07%,均高于無障礙組的46.55%、18.16%、19.44%、26.60%、5.11%;全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征評分、血清腫瘤壞死因子-α、腫瘤壞死因子受體Ⅱ水平高于無障礙組(P<0.05)。Lasso回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡大、加強監(jiān)護病房停留時間長、有高血壓、全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征評分高、血清腫瘤壞死因子-α水平高以及冠狀動脈狹窄程度為重度均是冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的獨立危險因素?;貧w方程模型:logit(P)=-15.827+年齡×0.07+加強監(jiān)護病房停留時間×0.024+有無高血壓×1.586+全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征評分×1.126+血清腫瘤壞死因子-α水平×0.16-冠狀動脈狹窄程度中度×0.238+冠狀動脈狹窄程度重度×1.631。受試者操作特征曲線分析顯示,當logit(P)>0.16時,曲線下面積為0.873,95%CI為0.814~0.933,診斷敏感度為74.07%,特異度為88.00%。結(jié)論 冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的風險較高,其獨立危險因素包括年齡大、加強監(jiān)護病房停留時間長、有高血壓、全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征評分高、血清腫瘤壞死因子-α水平高以及冠狀動脈狹窄程度為重度,根據(jù)其構(gòu)建回歸模型的預(yù)測價值較高,臨床可據(jù)此給予針對性的預(yù)防及治療措施。
【關(guān)鍵詞】冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù);認知功能障礙;影響因素;預(yù)測模型
【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2023.12.000
Current Status and Related Influencing Factors of Cognitive Impairment in Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery
MA Ning,ZHANG Weihua,SUN Xiaoke,ZHANG Liang,GUO Ruiming,XU Hao,ZHANG Xin,QIAO Chenhui
(Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450052,Henan,China)
【Abstract】Objective To explore the current status and related influencing factors of cognitive impairment in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods The clinical data of 445 patients after coronary artery bypass grafting admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2021 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with cognitive impairment were included in the obstacle group [on the 7 th postoperative day,cognitive function was evaluated using the simplified mental state assessment scale ,with a score of<27 points],while patients without cognitive impairment were included in the non obstacle group. The current status of cognitive dysfunction in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting was analyzed,the clinical data of two groups were compared,the risk factors of cognitive dysfunction in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting was analyzed by Lasso regression analysis,and constructed a predictive model,and its predictive value for cognitive dysfunction in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results Among 445 patients after coronary artery bypass grafting,54 had a score of simplified mental state assessment scale<27,and the incidence of cognitive impairment was 12.13%. The age of the disabled group was greater than that of the non obstacle group; The times of duration of tracheal intubation and intensive care unit stay were longer than those in the non obstacle group; The proportion of patients with on pump surgery,hypertension,sedative drug use,renal dysfunction,and severe coronary stenosis was 61.11%,40.74%,57.41%,59.26% and 24.07%,respectively,which were higher than 46.55%,18.16%,19.44%,26.60% and 5.11% in the non obstacle group; the score of postoperative systemic inflammatory response syndrome,levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α,tumor necrosis factor receptor Ⅱ were higher than that of the non obstacle group (P<0.05). The results of Lasso regression analysis showed that older age,longer intensive care unit stay,hypertension,high score of systemic inflammatory response syndrome,high levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and severity of coronary stenosis were independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. The regression equation model:logit (P)=﹣15.827+age × 0.07+time of intensive care unit stay × 0.024+with or without hypertension × 1.586+score of systemic inflammatory response syndrome × 1.126+level of serum tumor necrosis factor-α × 0.16-moderate degree of coronary stenosis × 0.238+severe degree of coronary stenosis × 1.631. receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that when logit(P)>0.16,the AUC value was 0.873,with a 95% CI of 0.814~0.933,the diagnostic sensitivity was 74.07%,and the specificity was 88.00%. Conclusion The risk of cognitive impairment in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting was higher,and the independent risk factors included older age,longer stay in intensive care unit, high blood pressure,high score of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, high level of serum tumor necrosis factor-α, and severe coronary stenosis, the predictive value of constructing regression models based on it was high, and targeted prevention and treatment measures could be given in clinical practice.
【Key words】Coronary artery bypass graft; Cognitive impairment; Influencing factors; Prediction model
冠狀動脈搭橋術(shù)(coronary artery bypass graft,CABG)可以為缺血的心肌組織重新構(gòu)建血液通道,使血氧供給得以恢復(fù),能夠有效緩解相關(guān)臨床癥狀[1]。隨著生物-心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式的深入研究,對認知、心理狀態(tài)的重視度逐漸提高,研究[2]發(fā)現(xiàn)認知功能障礙是CABG常見的并發(fā)癥,主要表現(xiàn)為注意力降低、記憶減退等,會延長CABG術(shù)后患者住院時間,增加治療費用,且會增加手術(shù)死亡率。因此有效分析CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的相關(guān)影響因素對改善患者生活質(zhì)量具有重要意義。目前臨床研究[3-4]認為認知功能障礙是多因素引起的疾病,但目前國內(nèi)外關(guān)于認知功能障礙在CABG術(shù)后發(fā)生的危險因素尚無統(tǒng)一定論。基于此,本研究對445例CABG術(shù)后患者臨床資料進行回顧性分析,旨在探討CABG術(shù)后認知功能障礙的有效防治措施,現(xiàn)將本研究整理如下。
1? 資料與方法
1.1? 一般資料
對2021年1月—2022年12月在鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院接受治療的445例CABG術(shù)后患者臨床資料進行回顧性分析,將發(fā)生認知功能障礙的54例患者納入障礙組,無認知功能障礙的391例患者納入無障礙組,表1為兩組具體的一般資料。鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)研究倫理委員會已對本研究試驗設(shè)計進行審核(編號:2020-KS-HNSR163),并予以批準。
1.2? 納入、排除及剔除標準
1.2.1? 納入標準
符合CABG指征者;術(shù)前認知功能正常者;經(jīng)CABG治療后心絞痛、心功能障礙等得到有效緩解,血管狹窄程度有明顯改善者;臨床資料完整者等。
1.2.2? 排除標準
合并其他心血管疾病需要同期手術(shù)治療者;既往有腦部疾病史者;服用抗抑郁藥物或鎮(zhèn)靜藥物者;既往有腦血管意外或短暫性腦缺血者;同時參與其他試驗研究者等。
1.2.3? 剔除標準? 誤納入者。
1.3? 研究方法與觀察指標
1.3.1? CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的發(fā)生現(xiàn)況
術(shù)后第7天采用簡易精神狀態(tài)評價量表評分[5]對患者認知功能進行評估,該量表共30題,每題0~1分,總分為30分,小于27分為認知功能障礙,統(tǒng)計認知功能障礙的發(fā)生率。
1.3.2? 臨床資料收集
根據(jù)鄭州大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院門診及電子病歷系統(tǒng),收集兩組基本情況[年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)及文化程度]、心功能分級[6]、手術(shù)時間、CABG手術(shù)方式(on-pump,off-pump)、氣管導(dǎo)管帶管時間、有無吸煙史、飲酒史、高脂血癥、高血壓、鎮(zhèn)靜藥物使用、加強監(jiān)護病房(intensive care unit,ICU)停留時間、術(shù)后全身炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)評分[7](總分4分,分值越高,機體炎癥反應(yīng)越重)、血清C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、腫瘤壞死因子受體Ⅱ(tumor necrosis factor receptor Ⅱ,TNFRⅡ)水平、腎功能、冠狀動脈狹窄程度(輕度:狹窄程度<50%;中度:狹窄程度為50%~75%;重度:狹窄程度>75%)等臨床資料。所有患者入組后,抽取空腹靜脈血3 mL,分離血清后(3 500 r/min,10 min),采用全自動生化分析儀[長沙芯生醫(yī)療科技有限公司(全自動生化分析儀,BI60)]檢測血清CRP、TNF-α、TNFRⅡ水平。
1.4? 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
本研究統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)使用軟件為SPSS 21.0。計數(shù)資料及符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料分別以n(%)、(±s)表示,組間比較分別予以χ2檢驗及獨立樣本t檢驗,采用秩和檢驗對等級資料進行比較。采用R4.3.1軟件“glmnet”軟件包構(gòu)建lasso回歸進行變量篩選。lasso回歸引入了L1范數(shù)正則化構(gòu)建一個懲罰項,通過控制調(diào)節(jié)系數(shù)λ的變化對回歸系數(shù)進行懲罰,將不重要的回歸系數(shù)壓縮到0,可緩解模型過擬合的問題。通過10折交叉驗證選擇最優(yōu)λ值,lambda.min或者lambda.1se。在lasso回歸的基礎(chǔ)上,采用“rms”軟件包進行多因素logistic回歸對CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的危險因素進行分析。采用Hosmer-Lemeshow檢驗?zāi)P蛿M合度,當P>0.05,則說明模型的準確度好;采用“pROC”軟件包繪制受試者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲線獲取曲線下面積(area under the curve,AUC),評估預(yù)測模型的區(qū)分度,應(yīng)用校準曲線分析CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的校準度。差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義用P<0.05進行表示。認知功能障礙及可能影響因素賦值為1,無認知功能障礙及其他因素賦值為0。
2? 結(jié)果
2.1? CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的發(fā)生現(xiàn)況
445例CABG術(shù)后患者中有54例簡易精神狀態(tài)評價量表評分<27分,認知功能障礙發(fā)生率為12.13%。
2.2? 兩組臨床資料比較
障礙組年齡大于無障礙組,氣管導(dǎo)管帶管時間、ICU停留時間長于無障礙組;on-pump術(shù)、有高血壓、鎮(zhèn)靜藥物使用、腎功能異常、重度冠狀動脈狹窄的患者占比分別為61.11%、40.74%、57.41%、59.26%、24.07%,均高于無障礙組的46.55%、18.16%、19.44%、26.60%、5.11%;SIRS評分、血清TNF-α、TNFRⅡ水平高于無障礙組(P<0.05),而比較兩組性別、體重指數(shù)、文化程度、心功能分級、手術(shù)時間、有無吸煙史、飲酒史、高脂血癥、血清CRP水平等結(jié)果顯示,P>0.05,顯示無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。見表1。
2.3? lasso回歸篩選預(yù)測變量
將表1中障礙組和無障礙組比較P<0.1的12個變量納入lasso回歸模型,將冠狀動脈狹窄程度進行亞組分析,共納入14個變量進入lasso回歸模型。lasso回歸系數(shù)分布圖顯示,隨著橫坐標懲罰系數(shù)λ的增加,縱坐標變量系數(shù)在懲罰項下不斷被壓縮為0(圖1);結(jié)合lasso回歸10折交叉驗證圖,本次模型選擇lambda.min=0.0044為最佳λ值,共篩選出11個非零系數(shù)特征的變量(圖2),即年齡、氣管導(dǎo)管帶管時間、ICU停留時間、SIRS評分、血清TNF-α水平、血清TNFRⅡ水平、有無高血壓、有無鎮(zhèn)靜藥物使用、GABG手術(shù)方式、腎功能、冠狀動脈狹窄程度中度和冠狀動脈狹窄程度重度。
2.4? CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的危險因素分析
將lasso回歸篩選出來的11個變量作為自變量,以是否發(fā)生認知功能障礙為因變量進行向前極大似然法,結(jié)果顯示,年齡大、ICU停留時間長、有高血壓、SIRS評分高、血清TNF-α水平高以及冠狀動脈狹窄程度為重度均是CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的獨立危險因素。見表2。
2.5? 預(yù)測模型的構(gòu)建及評價
logistic回歸方程模型:logit(P)=-15.827+年齡×0.07+ICU停留時間×0.024+有無高血壓×1.586+SIRS評分×1.126+血清TNF-α水平×0.16-冠狀動脈狹窄程度中度×0.238+冠狀動脈狹窄程度重度×1.631。采用Hosmer-Lemeshow擬合優(yōu)度檢驗顯示模型擬合效果較好,DF=11,Chi-Square=7.616,P=0.482,模型擬合的準確度較好。通過校準曲線顯示,認知功能障礙預(yù)測概率與實際概率接近,提示該預(yù)測模型具有良好的區(qū)分、校準和預(yù)測能力(圖3)。模型的內(nèi)部驗證采用ROC曲線進行檢驗。當logit(P)>0.16時,AUC值為0.873,95%CI為0.814~0.933,診斷敏感度為74.07%,特異度為88.00%。見圖4。
3? 討論
接受CABG的患者多為中老年患者,且手術(shù)時間較長,術(shù)后并發(fā)認知功能障礙的風險較高[8]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的發(fā)生率為12.13%,略低于其他學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果(23.64%)[9],分析其原因可能為,目前CABG治療的患者越來越年輕化,而年齡小的患者認知功能障礙的風險相對較小,故而導(dǎo)致本研究中認知功能障礙發(fā)生風險相對較低。研究[10]顯示,認知功能障礙患者病情好轉(zhuǎn)后仍有部分會遺留精神障礙,而目前其發(fā)病機制尚無統(tǒng)一定論,故而分析其危險因素,有助于預(yù)測認知功能障礙發(fā)生的風險性。
本研究結(jié)果提示了CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的發(fā)生可能與年齡、氣管導(dǎo)管帶管時間、ICU停留時間、手術(shù)方式、有無高血壓、鎮(zhèn)靜藥物使用、SIRS評分及血清TNF-α、TNFRⅡ水平、腎功能及冠狀動脈狹窄程度等因素有關(guān)。分析其原因可能為,隨著年齡升高,CABG術(shù)后患者腦組織逐漸退化,神經(jīng)元能量供給減少,且手術(shù)治療會給機體造成較大的損傷,誘發(fā)認知功能障礙的風險較高[11]。氣管插管、呼吸機等刺激會給患者帶來一定的精神壓力,且ICU患者普遍存在睡眠-覺醒節(jié)律紊亂,因此,氣管導(dǎo)管帶管時間、ICU停留時間長的CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的風險較高[12]。而on-pump手術(shù)中體外循環(huán)心肺轉(zhuǎn)流的應(yīng)用會導(dǎo)致CABG術(shù)后患者大腦氧代謝異常、微栓塞及全身炎癥反應(yīng)等,進一步會對患者中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)造成損害,增加了認知功能障礙的風險,但與其他學(xué)者[13]的研究結(jié)果有所差異,可能與樣本量、個體差異等因素有關(guān)。有高血壓的CABG術(shù)后患者往往伴有腦血管硬化及頸動脈粥樣斑塊,而腦供血更依賴于較高灌注壓,手術(shù)治療過程中低血壓易引起腦供血不足而引發(fā)腦神經(jīng)功能障礙,增加了認知功能障礙的風險[14]。有鎮(zhèn)靜藥物使用的CABG術(shù)后患者在藥物的作用下,會出現(xiàn)記憶力下降、反應(yīng)遲鈍等情況,會影響患者的認知功能[15-16]。SIRS評分、血清TNF-α、TNFRⅡ水平均高的CABG術(shù)后患者全身性炎癥反應(yīng)較重,而炎癥反應(yīng)釋放的多種因子與認知功能障礙的發(fā)生具有密切關(guān)系[17-18]。腎功能與冠狀動脈狹窄程度對CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的影響的相關(guān)研究仍較少,分析可能為,腎功能異??赡軐?dǎo)致毒素和水分聚集在患者體內(nèi),引起各個系統(tǒng)和組織的功能異常,若聚集在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)時,容易導(dǎo)致腦部器官、細胞異常,從而增加了認知功能障礙的風險。重度冠狀動脈狹窄的患者CABG術(shù)后病情較嚴重,而心血管疾病是認知功能障礙的危險因素。
本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡大、ICU停留時間長、有高血壓、SIRS評分高、血清TNF-α水平高以及冠狀動脈狹窄程度為重度均是CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的獨立危險因素,據(jù)此構(gòu)建回歸方程模型,預(yù)測CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的ROC曲線AUC值為0.873,診斷敏感度為74.07%,特異度為88.00%。因此,臨床可據(jù)此給予相關(guān)高?;颊哚槍π缘母深A(yù)措施以減少認知功能障礙的發(fā)生,針對年齡大的患者在術(shù)前要加強治療,積極改善心肺功能,且在術(shù)中要注意保護器官功能狀態(tài)[19];ICU停留時間長的患者可通過非藥物干預(yù)的方式為患者建立晝夜節(jié)律,并為患者營造一個舒適的睡眠環(huán)境[20];同時對于有高血壓的患者嚴格,要積極通過藥物治療控制血壓;密切監(jiān)測炎癥指標變化情況,SIRS評分、血清TNF-α水平均高提示機體炎癥反應(yīng)的患者要積極控制炎癥反應(yīng),進一步減少或避免CABG術(shù)后認知功能障礙的發(fā)生。
綜上,CABG術(shù)后患者認知功能障礙的風險較高,其獨立危險因素包括年齡大、ICU停留時間長、有高血壓、SIRS評分高、血清TNF-α水平高以及冠狀動脈狹窄程度為重度,根據(jù)其構(gòu)建回歸模型的預(yù)測價值較高,臨床可據(jù)此給予針對性的預(yù)防及治療措施。但本研究結(jié)果可能因研究樣本量少、僅為單中心研究等不足之處而有一定的偏倚存在,故而進一步提高研究結(jié)果的可靠性,以期臨床進一步納入更多樣本量,進行多中心研究。
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收稿日期:2023-09-18