鐘鳴 張志彬 李國花 黃麗群 齊燦文
[摘要] 目的 對(duì)I類手術(shù)患者術(shù)后切口感染的特征及影響因素進(jìn)行分析,以此為制定防控措施提供依據(jù)。 方法 選擇2018年1~12月我院某科室收治的171例I類手術(shù)切口患者臨床資料進(jìn)行分析,統(tǒng)計(jì)住院資料和感染相關(guān)因素等臨床資料,對(duì)I類手術(shù)切口感染的影響因素進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。 結(jié)果 在171例I類手術(shù)切口患者中,4例發(fā)生切口感染,I類手術(shù)切口感染的發(fā)生率為2.34%。對(duì)此4例患者的耐藥性進(jìn)行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)青霉素、克林霉素、紅霉素及阿莫西林等對(duì)患者的病情并無明顯治療作用。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,患者性別、年齡、基礎(chǔ)疾病、營養(yǎng)狀況、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、住院時(shí)間、抗菌藥物使用情況、切口置管情況、手術(shù)史、BMI及是否具有慢性疾病,對(duì)I類手術(shù)切口患者的術(shù)后切口感染均有一定影響,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。將單因素分析中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的11個(gè)變量納入多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示基礎(chǔ)疾病、住院時(shí)間、呼吸機(jī)使用時(shí)間、抗菌藥物使用時(shí)間、尿管插管時(shí)間、中心靜脈插管時(shí)間、手術(shù)史、BMI均為Ⅰ類手術(shù)切口患者術(shù)后醫(yī)院感染的影響因素,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。上述因素中,患者是否具有基礎(chǔ)疾病、抗菌藥物應(yīng)用時(shí)間、尿管插管時(shí)間3項(xiàng)因素對(duì)感染的影響同其他因素相比差異更加顯著(P=0.000<0.01)。 結(jié)論 I類手術(shù)患者應(yīng)采取積極措施控制其術(shù)后切口感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)患者術(shù)后體征進(jìn)行密切觀察,合理使用抗菌藥物,爭(zhēng)取盡早拔除不必要的導(dǎo)管,最大程度地減少交叉感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而降低醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 乳房腫塊;腹股溝疝;切口感染;影響因素;病原學(xué)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R473.6;R472.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)22-0151-05
Investigation on the etiological characteristics of type I incision infection and related factors of? infection control
ZHONG Ming? ?ZHANG Zhibin? ?LI Guohua? ?HUANG Liqun? ?QI Canwen
Department of Infection Management, Ganzhou Municipal Hospital in Jiangxi Province, Ganzhou? ?341000, China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the characteristics and influencing factors of postoperative incision infections in the patients undergoing type I surgery, so as to provide a basis for the development of prevention and control measures. Methods The clinical data of 171 patients with type I surgical incision who were admitted to a department in our hospital from January to December 2018 were analyzed. The clinical data such as hospitalization data and infection-related factors were collected and statistically analyzed, and the influencing factors of type I surgical incision infection were summarized. Results Among the 171 patients with type I surgical incision, 4 cases had incision infection, and the incidence rate of type I surgical incision infection was 2.34%. Analysis of drug resistance in 4 patients revealed that penicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin and amoxicillin had no obvious therapeutic effect on the patient's condition. According to the results of single factor analysis, the patient's gender, age, underlying disease, nutritional status, duration of surgery, length of stay, use of antimicrobial drugs, incision tube placement, surgical history, BMI and complicated chronic diseases had a certain influence on postoperative incision infection in the patients with type I surgical incision, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). 11 variables with statistically significant differences in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that underlying diseases, length of stay, ventilator use time, antimicrobial use time, urinary catheterization time, central venous catheterization time, surgical history and BMI were all influencing factors for postoperative hospital infection in the patients with type I surgical incision, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Among the above factors, the effects of underlying diseases, the time of antimicrobial use, and the time of urinary catheterization on infections had a more significant difference than other factors, and the differences were statistically significant(P=0.000<0.01). Conclusion Patients with type I surgery should take active measures to control the risk of postoperative incision infection. Close observation on the patient's postoperative signs, rational use of antibacterial drugs, and early removal of unnecessary catheters can minimize the risk of cross-infection, thereby reducing the incidence of hospital infections.
[Key words] Breast lump; Inguinal hernia; Incision infection; Influencing factors; Etiology
I類手術(shù)屬于清潔切口手術(shù),術(shù)后患者出現(xiàn)傷口感染的概率很低,如果出現(xiàn)切口感染,會(huì)影響患者切口愈合以及術(shù)后恢復(fù)質(zhì)量[1-3]。乳腺癌與腹股溝疝患者在臨床上多數(shù)會(huì)接受外科手術(shù)治療,完全切除病灶以達(dá)到延長(zhǎng)患者生存率與提高患者生活質(zhì)量的目的。但近幾年的研究結(jié)果顯示,乳腺癌與腹股溝疝手術(shù)極易出現(xiàn)各種并發(fā)癥,其中切口醫(yī)院感染最為常見,不僅對(duì)患者的術(shù)后康復(fù)有較為嚴(yán)重的影響,而且會(huì)增加患者及其家屬的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。本研究對(duì)I類手術(shù)患者術(shù)后傷口感染特征的影響因素進(jìn)行研究,為臨床治療提供相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)資料,以期降低醫(yī)院感染發(fā)生率,提高同類手術(shù)術(shù)后感染的防控效率,從而提升醫(yī)療質(zhì)量。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選擇我院2018年1~12月收治的I類手術(shù)住院患者171例,其中共有4例患者發(fā)生切口感染,現(xiàn)對(duì)各例患者的感染資料進(jìn)行分析。
1.1.1 病例1? 患者黃某,年齡46歲,因“乳房腫塊”入院治療?;颊甙l(fā)生切口感染后對(duì)感染部位實(shí)施微生物檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示該患者存在金黃色葡萄球菌感染。
1.1.2 病例2? 患者袁某,年齡68歲,因“乳房腫塊”入院治療?;颊甙l(fā)生切口感染后對(duì)患者感染部位實(shí)施微生物檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示該患者存在耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)感染。
1.1.3病例3? 患者呂某,年齡75歲,因“單側(cè)腹股溝疝”入院治療。患者發(fā)生切口感染后對(duì)患者感染部位實(shí)施微生物檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示該患者存在金黃色葡萄球菌感染。
1.1.4病例4? 患者譚某,年齡82歲,因“嵌頓性腹股溝疝”入院治療。患者發(fā)生切口感染后對(duì)患者感染部位實(shí)施微生物檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示該患者存在超廣譜β-內(nèi)酰胺酶(Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases,ESBLs)大腸埃希菌感染。
1.2方法
1.2.1 資料收集與整理? 本研究應(yīng)用回顧性研究[3]的方法、數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)出方法[4],使用“院感1號(hào)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)”,針對(duì)全院感染患者進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)?;颊叩馁Y料包含年齡、性別、基礎(chǔ)疾病、營養(yǎng)狀況、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、住院時(shí)間、抗菌藥物使用情況、切口置管情況等。
1.2.2處理措施? 切口感染處理共分為三部分:術(shù)前、術(shù)中及術(shù)后[5]。患者于術(shù)前必須做好皮膚準(zhǔn)備工作,并時(shí)刻關(guān)注患者的狀態(tài)[6]。護(hù)理人員同時(shí)調(diào)整好設(shè)備、設(shè)施,確?;颊邍g(shù)期的安全[7]。術(shù)中臨床醫(yī)師運(yùn)用無菌技術(shù)進(jìn)行控制,同時(shí)關(guān)注患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間及手術(shù)器械消毒情況,避免發(fā)生術(shù)中感染[8]。術(shù)后關(guān)注患者的引流情況,同時(shí)完善營養(yǎng)輔助,保證傷口順利恢復(fù)[9-10],并需注意患者的出血量與體位,避免發(fā)生切口感染[11]。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,計(jì)量資料符合正態(tài)分布,以(x±s)表示;檢驗(yàn)方式采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法[12]。單因素分析中,將差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的變量納入多元Logistic回歸分析,應(yīng)用非條件多元Logistic回歸分析評(píng)估各影響因素與醫(yī)院感染關(guān)聯(lián)的比值比(OR)及其95%可信區(qū)間(CI);所有檢驗(yàn)均為雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1切口感染率
171例I類手術(shù)切口患者中有4例發(fā)生切口感染,I類手術(shù)切口感染發(fā)生率為2.34%。
2.2 感染患者處理結(jié)果
臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)4例患者進(jìn)行以下幾種藥物的敏感度檢測(cè)。其中黃某的藥敏結(jié)果顯示青霉素、克林霉素、紅霉素及阿莫西林對(duì)其無明顯治療作用;袁某的藥敏結(jié)果顯示青霉素、苯唑西林、頭孢西丁、頭孢硫脒、紅霉素、阿莫西林、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因、頭孢曲松、達(dá)托霉素對(duì)其均無明顯治療作用;呂某的藥敏結(jié)果顯示青霉素與阿莫西林對(duì)其無明顯治療作用;譚某的藥敏結(jié)果顯示氨芐西林、頭孢硫脒、頭孢呋辛、頭孢噻肟、頭孢他啶、頭孢吡肟、氨曲南、慶大霉素、環(huán)丙沙星、左氧氟沙及復(fù)方新諾明對(duì)其無明顯治療作用。見表1~4。
2.3 I類手術(shù)切口患者術(shù)后醫(yī)院感染單因素分析
單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,患者性別、年齡、基礎(chǔ)疾病、營養(yǎng)狀況、手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)、住院時(shí)間、抗菌藥物使用情況、切口置管情況、手術(shù)史、BMI及是否具有慢性疾病,對(duì)I類手術(shù)切口患者的術(shù)后切口感染均有一定影響,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表5。
將單因素分析中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的11個(gè)變量納入多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示基礎(chǔ)疾病、住院時(shí)間、呼吸機(jī)使用時(shí)間、抗菌藥物使用時(shí)間、尿管插管時(shí)間、中心靜脈插管時(shí)間、手術(shù)史、BMI均為Ⅰ類手術(shù)切口患者術(shù)后醫(yī)院感染的影響因素,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。且在上述因素中,患者是否具有基礎(chǔ)疾病、抗菌藥物應(yīng)用時(shí)間、尿管插管時(shí)間三項(xiàng)因素對(duì)感染的影響同其他因素相比,差異更加顯著(P=0.000<0.01)。見表6。
3討論
抗菌藥物的合理使用及圍手術(shù)期抗菌藥物的預(yù)防應(yīng)用干預(yù),是現(xiàn)階段對(duì)于I類手術(shù)患者術(shù)后醫(yī)院感染研究的主要方向。外科手術(shù)切口感染的影響因素多種多樣,這是由于手術(shù)的侵入性操作破壞正常皮膚黏膜的完整性,損傷人體的第一道屏障,進(jìn)而失去皮膚的保護(hù)作用。相關(guān)研究顯示[13-14],患者機(jī)體在一定程度下能夠依靠自身免疫反應(yīng)有效清除手術(shù)部位出現(xiàn)的病原微生物,從而避免手術(shù)感染。一旦患者的免疫力下降,患者手術(shù)部位的感染率便會(huì)逐漸上升?;颊吣挲g、生理及病理狀態(tài)均會(huì)影響患者自身免疫力,進(jìn)而影響患者術(shù)后切口部位的感染率,多種因素可能導(dǎo)致術(shù)后切口感染情況發(fā)生,因此需要采取干預(yù)措施,最大程度地降低感染發(fā)生率[15]。