譚慶晶 劉永輝 楊俊威
[摘要] 目的 研究腦微出血患者神經(jīng)影像學(xué)特點(diǎn)并探討其與患者認(rèn)知功能障礙的相關(guān)性。 方法 選取2017年12月~2019年10月廣西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院腦病科二區(qū)收治的60例腦微出血患者作為觀察組,健康受試者60名作為對(duì)照組。采用簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)檢查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估(MoCA)評(píng)定患者認(rèn)知功能損害程度,采用磁共振平掃及多模態(tài)磁共振成像技術(shù)觀察異性值(FA)和平均彌散系數(shù)(ADC)以及腦內(nèi)微出血數(shù)目與患者認(rèn)知功能損害之間的關(guān)系。 結(jié)果 觀察組MMSE、MoCA評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。觀察組額顳葉、頂葉、基底節(jié)區(qū)FA值顯著低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05),額顳葉、頂葉、基底節(jié)區(qū)ADC值高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05);兩組枕葉FA值及ADC值比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。觀察組腦內(nèi)微出血數(shù)目明顯多于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。腦小血管病患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與其額顳葉FA、ADC值及腦內(nèi)微出血數(shù)目有相關(guān)性(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 腦微出血患者認(rèn)知功能障礙與其腦白質(zhì)的損傷程度以及腦微出血數(shù)目存在著密切相關(guān)性。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腦微出血;腦小血管病;認(rèn)知功能;多模態(tài)影像學(xué)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R743 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)07(a)-0089-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the association between the neuroimaging features and cognitive impairment of patients with cerebral microbleeds. Methods From December 2017 to October 2019, 60 patients with cerebral microhemorrhage who admitted to the District Two, Department of Encephalopathy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine were selected as the observation group and 60 healthy subjects as the control group. The degree of cognitive impairment was assessed using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), and the relationship between the fractional anisotropy (FA) and average diffusion coefficient (ADC) as well as the number of intracerebral microhemorrhages and cognitive impairment was observed using magnetic resonance plain scan and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging. Results The MMSE score and MoCA score of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). FA values of frontotemporal, parietal and basal ganglia regions in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05), ADC values of frontotemporal, parietal and basal ganglia regions were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in FA and ADC values between the two groups (P > 0.05). The number of intracerebral microhemorrhage in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral microvascular disease was correlated with the FA and ADC values of frontotemporal lobe and the number of intracerebral microhemorrhage (P < 0.05). Conclusion The cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral microbleeds is strongly associated with the severity of white matter damage and the number of microbleeds.
[Key words] Cerebral microbleeds; Cerebral small vessel disease; Cognitive function; Multi-mode imagining
腦微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)是一種亞臨床的腦小血管病變導(dǎo)致的腦組織微量滲血或含鐵血黃素沉積,與腔隙性腦梗死、腦白質(zhì)疏松同屬于腦小血管?。╟erebral small vessel disease,CSVD)[1]。由于出血量少,臨床上無(wú)典型癥狀和體征。CMBs在影像上的定義為:磁敏感性加權(quán)成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)、T2*梯度回波(T2*gradient-recall echo,GRE)序列上表現(xiàn)為小的、圓形或橢圓形的低信號(hào)區(qū)域,病灶直徑為2~5 mm[2]。CMBs在不同研究中的大小定義不一,最大不超過(guò)10 mm[3]。在不同類型的疾病中,CMBs發(fā)生率不盡相同,在高血壓腦病和腦淀粉樣血管?。–AA)患者中CMBs發(fā)生率最高,其次為腦卒中和阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)患者,健康老年人亦可出現(xiàn);在不同類型的腦卒中疾病中,CMBs發(fā)生率也不同,在出血性卒中患者中的發(fā)生率為60.4%,缺血性卒中患者中的發(fā)生率為33.5%[4]。目前,隨著CMBs診斷技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,CMBs的檢出率明顯提高,其相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素及在腦血管病中的作用也受到越來(lái)越多人的關(guān)注。大量研究顯示[5-8],CMBs可增加人群患認(rèn)知功能障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并促使認(rèn)知水平下降?,F(xiàn)對(duì)CMBs的多模態(tài)磁共振改變與認(rèn)知功能障礙的相關(guān)性做一研究。本研究通過(guò)磁共振彌散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)及磁敏感加權(quán)成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)等多模態(tài)磁共振改變研究腦小血管病患者白質(zhì)纖維束損害程度及CMBs數(shù)目、部位與認(rèn)知功能的相關(guān)性,探討CMBs神經(jīng)影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)與認(rèn)知功能障礙之間的關(guān)系。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年12月~2019年10月于廣西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)腦病科二區(qū)就診的60例符合CSVD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]的CSVD患者為觀察組,且無(wú)頭顱MRI檢查禁忌證。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①類肝素藥物治療急性缺血性腦卒中(TOSAT)亞型分類中的大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性腦梗死(LAA)和心源性腦梗死(CE)患者,以及體內(nèi)含磁性材料者;②曾有腦出血、腦外傷或大面積腦梗死相關(guān)病史者;③既往有精神障礙性疾病或焦慮抑郁癥者;④心、肝、肺、腎功能不全者;⑤相關(guān)感染性疾病者;⑥合并惡性腫瘤、阿爾茨海默病者。另選取60名既往無(wú)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、精神心理疾患的健康受試者(志愿者)作為對(duì)照組。該研究方案經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核并通過(guò),所有受試者及家屬均在簽署知情同意書(shū)的情況下自愿加入。觀察組男36例,女24例;年齡56~78歲,平均(65.5±9.3)歲。對(duì)照組男44例,女16例;年齡48~70歲,平均(57.7±5.7)歲。兩組性別及年齡比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
所有研究對(duì)象均經(jīng)認(rèn)知功能及多模態(tài)頭顱磁共振檢查。受試者認(rèn)知功能的評(píng)估采用以下量表進(jìn)行:蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)和簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)檢查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE);研究對(duì)象選擇頭頸部線圈,采用3.0T磁共振機(jī)(GE SIGNA EXCITEⅡ)對(duì)其進(jìn)行顱腦掃描。采用DTI數(shù)據(jù)處理分別在受試者左右兩側(cè)的額顳、頂枕葉及基底節(jié)區(qū)對(duì)稱部位測(cè)量異性值(FA值)及平均擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(ADC值)[10],測(cè)量后取平均值;腦內(nèi)微出血數(shù)目通過(guò)SWI數(shù)據(jù)處理測(cè)量,通常把直徑0.3~0.5 mm圓形或類圓形低信號(hào)病灶記為CMBs灶陽(yáng)性。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 21.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,運(yùn)用t檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行2個(gè)獨(dú)立樣本間的比較,通過(guò)Spearman分析法來(lái)完成2個(gè)變量間的相關(guān)性分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分比較
觀察組MMSE、MoCA評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組CMBs相應(yīng)部位的白質(zhì)損害比較
觀察組額顳葉、頂葉、基底節(jié)區(qū)FA值顯著低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05),額顳葉、頂葉、基底節(jié)區(qū)ADC值高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05);兩組枕葉FA值及ADC值比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 兩組CMBs數(shù)目比較及與MoCA、MMSE評(píng)分的相關(guān)性
觀察組CMBs數(shù)目為(8.36±4.24)個(gè),多于對(duì)照組的(0.43±0.21)個(gè),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t = 4.747,P < 0.01);觀察組CMBs數(shù)目與MoCA、MMSE評(píng)分有相關(guān)性(r = -0.72、-0.82,P < 0.05)。
2.4 觀察組MoCA評(píng)分與CMBs不同部位FA值、ADC值的相關(guān)性
MoCA評(píng)分與觀察組額顳葉FA值、ADC值顯著相關(guān)(r = 0.52、-0.72,P < 0.05),與頂葉、枕葉、基底節(jié)區(qū)FA值、ADC值均無(wú)相關(guān)性(P > 0.05)。
3 討論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CSVD患者腦內(nèi)微出血數(shù)目與認(rèn)知功能障礙密切相關(guān)。CMBs之所以能增加人群患認(rèn)知功能障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),并促使認(rèn)知水平下降,這可能與其能夠?qū)е履X組織局部或廣泛性損害有關(guān)[11]。有研究顯示[12],微出血本身不直接引起神經(jīng)損傷,但可導(dǎo)致大腦局部發(fā)生與血漿滲出有關(guān)的持續(xù)炎性反應(yīng),繼而引發(fā)神經(jīng)元功能障礙甚至腦細(xì)胞死亡。Yang等[13]通過(guò)檢測(cè)缺血性腦血管病患者的三大認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域(視空間與執(zhí)行能力、記憶力、抽象思考能力),發(fā)現(xiàn)CMBs組的認(rèn)知功能較無(wú)微出血組顯著下降。但是,微出血部位與認(rèn)知功能障礙之間的相關(guān)性還存在一定分歧。Chiang等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)腦葉的CMBs與認(rèn)知功能快速衰退之間顯著關(guān)聯(lián)。但Barnaure等[15]研究則顯示,認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分與CMBs發(fā)生部位并無(wú)相關(guān)性。因此,CMBs與認(rèn)知功能障礙之間存在一定相關(guān)性,但隨出血部位的不同亦不相同[13,16]。CMBs所致的腦卒中通常會(huì)增加血管性癡呆的發(fā)病概率[17]。在評(píng)價(jià)認(rèn)知功能損害方面,常規(guī)MRI技術(shù)的作用微乎其微,而應(yīng)用多模態(tài)功能性磁共振DTI技術(shù)不僅能觀察到CMBs的實(shí)際數(shù)目,更能具體評(píng)價(jià)CSVD患者白質(zhì)纖維束損害的程度,在評(píng)估腦小血管病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用,在CMBs與認(rèn)知功能損害之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性研究中具有較高的診斷價(jià)值[18]。
本研究利用DTI、SWI這兩種多模態(tài)磁共振影像技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),在腦小血管病患者各部位(包括額顳葉、頂葉、基底節(jié)區(qū))的FA值分別與對(duì)照組比較均顯著降低,但ADC值在觀察組中則顯著高于對(duì)照組;且未發(fā)現(xiàn)枕葉的FA值及ADC值在兩組間的比較中存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,這一研究結(jié)論與國(guó)外相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[19]基本一致。通過(guò)各指標(biāo)的關(guān)聯(lián)性分析還發(fā)現(xiàn):觀察組額顳葉FA值、ADC值均與認(rèn)知功能障礙之間明顯相關(guān);而其他各區(qū)的FA值、ADC值均與認(rèn)知功能障礙無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)關(guān)聯(lián),該研究結(jié)果提示額顳葉區(qū)的白質(zhì)纖維束可能是大腦信息的整合與加工的潛在反射區(qū)。Moonen等[20]通過(guò)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)腦白質(zhì)的FA值、ADC值與執(zhí)行力減退、記憶力下降、總體認(rèn)知水平降低呈顯著相關(guān)。Kennedy等[21]在研究中指出,大腦對(duì)信息的處理、加工以及執(zhí)行功能離不開(kāi)頂枕葉的白質(zhì)纖維束,但這與本研究結(jié)果不一致,考慮可能與本研究中納入的樣本量較小有關(guān)。
CMBs作為卒中并發(fā)癥、潛在疾病及認(rèn)知障礙的預(yù)測(cè)因子,逐漸成為研究的熱點(diǎn),但目前,醫(yī)療界對(duì)于其是否能直接導(dǎo)致腦血管疾病和AD患者出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知功能障礙、又或者僅僅是某些疾病潛在的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,尚未研究清楚,有待于后續(xù)多中心、大樣本量的臨床試驗(yàn)或基礎(chǔ)研究進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。伴隨著眾多學(xué)者的深入研究,相信在未來(lái)的臨床工作中,CMBs將會(huì)扮演更為重要的角色。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-05)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2020年19期