【摘要】2015年臺州市英語中考新增語法填空題型,成為考試的重要難點之一。語法填空題型可以檢測出學生綜合英語素質(zhì)能力水平。因此,如何攻克語法填空這一難點,指導學生掌握一定的解題技巧和方法,成了本文主要探討的內(nèi)容。
【關(guān)鍵詞】初中英語;語法填空;解題策略
【作者簡介】鄭鳳娟,臺州初級中學。
語法填空題型是從語法的角度對短文部分進行適當?shù)姆稚⑿酝诳?,考查方式包括提示性填空、自由填空等。語法填空題型的出現(xiàn),將過去以句子為核心的語法單項選擇變成以語篇為核心的語法填空。這一改變體現(xiàn)了新課改將英語重點由語法知識轉(zhuǎn)變到語法技能,以及當下英語改革的趨勢:突出語篇,強調(diào)語篇在英語能力和應用中的重要性。
面對題型的變化,明確題型的特點和解題策略顯得格外重要。筆者通過分析2015~2018年臺州市中考英語語法填空題的命題特點,結(jié)合自己的教學經(jīng)驗,做出如下歸納:
一、臺州市中考英語近四年語法填空題的圖表分析
1.2015~2018年臺州市中考英語語法填空題測試項目統(tǒng)計(見表一)。
從表1可以看出,語法填空題??嫉膶嵲~(給出提示詞)是動詞、名詞、形容詞和代詞;常考的虛詞有(無提示詞)是介詞、冠詞和連詞,個別代詞如it , either 也是作虛詞進行考查。
2. 2015~2018年臺州市中考英語語法填空各小題命題特點分析(見表2)
根據(jù)表2可知,時態(tài)、非謂語動詞是必考題;詞性轉(zhuǎn)換也是必考題,其中包括名詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞;名詞單復數(shù)及所有格也是必考題。
二、語篇型語法填空題解題技巧
1.解題步驟。學生在做語法填空題的時,應遵循如下解題步驟:(1)要通篇閱讀,掌握文章的主旨大意和內(nèi)容。(2)把10個填空題按其有無提示詞分成兩大類。(3)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),判斷空白處填入的詞的詞性、時態(tài)、語態(tài)。(4)重讀全文,排除誤漏。
2.有提示詞填空題的??键c。有提示詞通??疾閯釉~、名詞、形容詞和代詞。筆者根據(jù)自己的教學經(jīng)驗,結(jié)合近四年臺州市英語中考語法填空考點分析表,設(shè)計了以下有提示詞填空題思維導圖,可以讓學生更好地掌握語法填空題的解題技巧。
思維導圖1:有提示詞填空題
下面我們以臺州市2017年英語中考語法填空題為例,結(jié)合思維導圖1,對該試題中的有提示詞填空題進行分析。
Two?simple?words?“thank?you”?have?made?a?big?difference?to?thousands?of?fireman?in?New?York?City.
Savannah?is?61_________?girl?from?Texas.?“ I was trying to think?62_________I could help them out.” she says, After hearing about sacrifice made by fireman, she ?63_________ (move) by the risks they face. ?64_________Savannah made 200 thank-you cards for them to show how much I care about them.
“I told the firemen thank you,” Savannah recalls. “They are always there to help you.”
Savannah decided 65_________ (keep) making cards. For the next seven months, she woke up early to paint and color and cut. In that time, she 66_________ (send) 1,600 cards with bite-sized candy while meeting her 67_________ (hero). Soon, fire station started thanking her.
Once too shy to give a speech at school. 68_________is easy now for Savannah to speak regularly to fireman and school students. She is quite different 69_________what she used to be.
“She is saying how 70_________ (thank) she is for them!” Savannah’s mom, Debbie says. “Savannah sees that stepping out and doing something can really make a difference.”
這篇文章中63、65、66、67、70等5個題為有提示詞。其中 63、65、66題提示詞為動詞,其中一個必填非謂語動詞,65題前面已經(jīng)有謂語動詞,所以65題必須填 to keep,63和66題句子缺謂語,通常情況下,一個使用主動語態(tài),另一個使用被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)謂語動詞與主語的關(guān)系,我們就可以確定63題填 was moved, 66題填 sent。67、70題提示詞為名詞,67題名詞后面沒有另一個名詞,所以我們可以確定應該填寫該名詞的復數(shù)形式heroes。70題所在句子為感嘆句,how 后面要接形容詞或副詞,名詞一般情況下不直接轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞,所以這里填的應是形容詞thankful。
3.無提示詞填空題的??键c。
無提示詞通??疾榻樵~、冠詞、連詞或部分代詞。
思維導圖2:無提示詞填空題
我們以臺州市2018年英語中考語法填空題為例,結(jié)合思維導圖2進行解題技巧指導。
At the end of the term, our ethic professor gave us a test. He had told us 61_______ (expect) one and had warned us it would be included in the final grade.
The test began Sure enough, I was 62_______ confident that I finished all the questions after forty 63_______ (minute) except the very last one. What is the name of the woman who cleans the lecture hall?
I thought it was 64_______ joke. I’d seen the woman many times. She had been working in the building for at least a year. She is short 65_______black hair. We’d even smiled at each other once or twice.? But I didn’t know 66_______ (she) name because I’d never thought to ask her. I handed in my test and the last question 67_______ (leave) unanswered- hoping the final result wouldn’t be influenced too 68_______ (bad) because of it. But then one student put up his hand. He hadn’t finished the test 69_______. “ I am just wondering,” he said. “ Will it really change my grade if I don’t complete the question?”
“Certainly,” our professor 70_______ (smile) “ In our future job.”
I’ve never forgotten that lesson. I also learned that the cleaner’s name is Sherry.
這篇文章的62、64、65、69題無提示詞。62題句中有連詞that, 根據(jù)固定搭配,應填so。64題后面是一個名詞,應該考慮填入冠詞,根據(jù)上下文,此處冠詞有表示不確定的“某一個,有一個”的意思,所以應該填不定冠詞a。排除了冠詞和連詞,65題應該從介詞這個方向去考慮,填入介詞with。69題稍有難度,我們根據(jù)上下文的意思判斷填入符合句意的詞either。
三、結(jié)語
語篇型語法填空題可體現(xiàn)出學生英語素質(zhì)的綜合水平,因此,針對這個新題型,我們應當在教學過程中對學生加強英語語法句式的訓練,適度改編課文內(nèi)容來鞏固語法知識,并通過大量練習和策略指導讓學生更好地掌握這一題型的解題技巧,促使學生英語綜合素質(zhì)再上一個臺階。
參考文獻:
[1]趙莉.高考英語語法填空正確率低的成因及控制策略[J].西部素質(zhì)教育,2016,09:168.