亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        What is Quality of Life? In what differentways can think about it

        2019-09-10 07:22:44劉沁誼
        校園英語(yǔ)·月末 2019年9期
        關(guān)鍵詞:重慶大學(xué)涪陵簡(jiǎn)介

        The discussion and research on the quality of life (QOL) has been continued over twenty years and many excellent minds are involved. Undoubtedly, the research on QOL is crucial not only because it can provide useful information for policymakers and inform future choices that people make but also for enhancing QOL has been an implicit goal for individual, communities and world. However, the accurate assessment of QOL is problematic and relatively difficult as QOL is the product of social construction and almost affected by all the factors that exist in society. This leads to a result that it is difficult to give QOL a so-called standard definition. Moreover, its definition varies according to its measurement method and each method provides a different angle to think QOL. This essay through the evaluation of different measurement methods of QOL argues that the existing three main measurement methods reveal a part of QOL respectively and to obtain a more complete, accurate and meaningful QOL picture, thereby combining various measurement methods is necessary. First, the three measurement methods and their strengths & weaknesses will be discussed respectively. Then the combination of the three ways to give a more accurate QOL picture will be demonstrated and based on that a possible definition of QOL will be given.

        First, starts with the three measurement methods. Generally, the three major categories of methods used to measure QOL, namely economic indicators, social indicators and subject well-being (SWB). The economic indicators as the most traditional method will be discussed first. Specifically, economic indicators including GDP, income growth and inequity, Gini coefficient and so forth which all play a fundamental role in measuring QOL. QOL from the perspective of the measurement of economic indicators, means more positive figures appearing in the indicators. Furthermore, these economic indicators can also relatively well measure QOL. According to Diener and Diener (1995), wealth correlated tremendously with 26 of the 32 indices, showing a higher QOL in wealthier nations. At country level within the EU, life satisfaction linearly correlates with GDP per capita (Eurofound 2017). This is not difficult to understand because higher GDP and income allow people to have better living conditions and wider choices. Therefore, its advantages are the direct ranking and data can be provided that policymakers can generally interpret the quality of life in a certain region. However, the limitations still remain. One of the limitations is that economic growth will only have a positive impact on lower income levels, in terms of rich countries, the connection between economic growth and QOL can hardly be seen. For instance, in the countries with the highest incomes in Europe, life satisfaction does not increase with the growth of GDP which is called the Easterlin Paradox. (Eurofound 2017). Another limitation is the economic indicators only reflect very narrow focus and do not cover important influence on QOL, such as human rights and the treatment of environment (Diener 1995). Therefore, additional indices of quality of life have been created to cover the shortage.

        The measurement method that includes various life domains such as above-mentioned human rights and environmental issues is social indicator which means societal measures that mirror induvial’ s objective circumstances in a given unit (Diner and Suh 1997). Similarly, thinking about QOL from the perspective of social indicators means to present a more positive number in its indicators. Additionally, one of its advantages, as mentioned above, is that it can reflect some essential aspects that are not sufficiently reflects in economic indicators. Crime rate can be given as an example because economic growth does not mean the absence of crime. Also,? according to Moller’s research, as people’s fear of crime have a negative influence on life satisfaction,? people may not regard high crime rate and high economic growth life as a good quality life (2005).? The social indicators based on objective, quantitative statistics rather than individual’s perception is its another advantage. Also, the quantitative data is highly convenient to make comparisons of social indicators across regions. However, under certain circumstances, the data presented by social indicators may not be accurately compared and ranked without considering subjective perspective. For instance, climate factors are often considered when assessing QOL in American cities and places with extremely cold or hot weather are not among the best QOL list. Nevertheless, personal preferences exist and for people who think living in an extremely cold or hot place can fit their definition of good quality life the pure quantitative method is not enough (Becker, 1993 as cited by Diener and Suh 1997). In addition, because it is presented as a quantitative study in the form of data, the researchers have to interpret numbers and during this process, it may difficult to guarantee unbiased.

        The last of the three main measurement methods, subjective well-being (SWB) which can be seen as the opposite of the social indicators. From the perspective of SWB,QOL can be understood as a specific person’s evaluation of their own quality of life and QOL here is not presented as data but as a subjective description. The QOL presented in this angle shows a great difference from above two, which is the macroscopic difference in statistical data. The QOL from the SWB perspective is the difference in microscopic sense as it is unlikely that two persons give exactly same QOL description. Additionally,SWB as an important self-report it can directly reflect the internal values ??of individuals and their perception of the current environment, independent from the influence of academic institutions and policymakers. Based on these strengths, SWB has received a higher evaluation recently.For example, SWB becoming more prominent in the European policy agenda in the last decade and OECD has issued guidelines on how to measure SWB (Eurofound 2017).However, this does not mean SWB is flawless. One of question raised by Diener and Suh (1997) is that people’s views on SWB are more flexible which largely based on the comparison between themselves and others and people tend to select one for comparison that can give them better results.Moreover, small thing even a glass of water that can have a significant impact on a person’s SWB but a glass of water appears to not helpful in measuring QOL. Cultural factors can also affect SWB, despite the relatively well social indicators, Japan because its humble morality the self-report SWB turned out to be modest (Diener and Suh 1997).

        It can be seen from the above that three different styles of QOL thinking can be obtained from three different measurement methods and each of the methods has its own advantages and disadvantages which can cover the places that may not be covered by each other. Therefore, there is an effective complementarity between the three. Furthermore, using three methods same time are likely to get a more accurate view of QOL. Through the combination of three measurement methods, a possible definition of QOL can be given here: QOL refers to the comprehensive evaluation of economic indicators, social indicators and SWB to obtain a description of the human experience within a certain range.

        This essay attempts to demonstrate that three different measurement methods provide different perspective on QOL and a combination of three measurements can result in a more accurate QOL picture.Through the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods, it indicates the necessity of combining the three to measure QOL. Additionally, the possible QOL definition is given according to the new combined measurement method. Various examples and the results of previous scholars’ research provide support for above argument. It therefore shows that the study of QOL requires cross-disciplinary perspective and rely solely on measurement is not appropriate.This result may encourage different disciplines to participate in the study of QOL that can guide human beings a better way to live.

        References:

        [1]Diener, D and Suh, E.. Measuring quality of life: economic,? social, and subjective indicators[J]. Social Indicators Research,1997,40(1-2): 189-216.

        [2]Eurofound.. European Quality of Life Survey: Quality of life,quality of pubic services,and quality of society[J]. [online].Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union,2017.

        [3]Moller, V.. Resilient or resigned? Criminal victimization and quality of life in South Africa[J]. Social Indicators Research,2005,72:263-317.

        【作者簡(jiǎn)介】劉沁誼(1998.04-),女,漢族,重慶涪陵人,重慶大學(xué),在讀本科生,研究方向:文學(xué)和文化中的性別問(wèn)題。

        猜你喜歡
        重慶大學(xué)涪陵簡(jiǎn)介
        重慶大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)征稿簡(jiǎn)則
        涪陵榨菜
        涪陵:工業(yè)大區(qū)打開(kāi)綠色新場(chǎng)景
        永遠(yuǎn)創(chuàng)新的涪陵頁(yè)巖氣公司
        Who Is The Master?
        大東方(2018年9期)2018-10-21 15:29:02
        Research on Guidance Mechanism of Public Opinion in Colleges and Universities in Micro Era
        Book review on “Educating Elites”
        Hometown
        “精益管理五原則”在高校圖書(shū)館社區(qū)服務(wù)中的應(yīng)用——以重慶大學(xué)城為例
        重慶大學(xué)建筑材料學(xué)科簡(jiǎn)介
        中文字幕高清不卡视频二区| 亚洲爆乳少妇无码激情| 日产无人区一线二线三线新版| 国产欧美一区二区精品久久久| 亚洲春色在线视频| √天堂中文官网8在线| 国产成人aa在线观看视频| 丰满人妻无套内射视频| 国产一区二区三区啊啊| 亚洲熟女综合色一区二区三区| 免费看美女被靠到爽的视频| 女女女女女裸体处开bbb| 极品嫩模高潮叫床| 中文字幕无码不卡一区二区三区 | 亚洲精品黄网在线观看| 亚洲av成人一区二区三区不卡| 日本一区二区三区清视频| 精品香蕉99久久久久网站| 熟女性饥渴一区二区三区| 性一交一乱一伧国产女士spa| 亚洲AⅤ无码国精品中文字慕 | 久久久免费精品国产色夜| 亚洲av迷人一区二区三区| 无码人妻aⅴ一区二区三区| 精品国精品无码自拍自在线| 国产中文久久精品| 国产免费人成视频在线观看播放播| 日韩午夜理论免费tv影院 | 国产特级毛片aaaaaa视频| 亚洲av中文无码字幕色三| 永久免费毛片在线播放| av免费一区二区久久 | 人妻丰满熟妇av无码区| 人体内射精一区二区三区| 蜜臀av国内精品久久久人妻| 日本午夜精品一区二区三区| 亚洲乱亚洲乱妇无码麻豆| 无码人妻精品一区二区三区免费| 国产 无码 日韩| 亚洲天堂av免费在线| 日本最新一区二区三区在线视频|