【摘要】會(huì)話?cǎi){馭話語標(biāo)記,也稱為話語條 ,是英語會(huì)話中應(yīng)用廣泛且非常典型的一些詞和短語,講母語的人在日常會(huì)話中常用到它們。對(duì)外語學(xué)習(xí)者來說,熟悉并且能夠在不同的語境中準(zhǔn)確地使用它們非常重要。
【關(guān)鍵詞】會(huì)話話語標(biāo)記;研究
【作者簡(jiǎn)介】魏玉梅(1984.09-),女,漢族,甘肅山丹人,蘭州外語職業(yè)學(xué)院國(guó)際教育系,副主任,講師,本科,研究方向:英語筆譯。
一、引言
She’s a bit tearful today. I mean she’s had some bad news from home.
上面例句中的斜體部分被稱作話語標(biāo)記。傳統(tǒng)語法教科書對(duì)這一語言現(xiàn)象不夠重視,將其歸類為附加語、修飾語或狀語,教學(xué)中我們也只是在學(xué)習(xí)副詞、狀語和句子狀語時(shí)提到,因此,學(xué)生分不清楚話語標(biāo)記之間的意義和用法差異。本文試圖將會(huì)話?cǎi){馭話語標(biāo)記按其意義和用法進(jìn)行分析,以引起對(duì)這一語言現(xiàn)象的重視。
二、會(huì)話?cǎi){馭話語標(biāo)記的功能
1.給要點(diǎn)編號(hào)和排序。如:first of all, last of all.編號(hào)和排序話語標(biāo)記多用于書面英語。不管后面的要點(diǎn)是否已編號(hào),都可以使用 firstly或first來開始會(huì)話;不管 lastly和last之前的要點(diǎn)是否已編號(hào),也可以用它們作結(jié)束語。
Several reasons were given for the change in the attitude of many students. Firstly they feared the outbreak of nuclear war. Secondly, they were concerned over the continuing pollution of the environment.
2.添加。如:besides, what is more. 力圖說服某人或提出建議和爭(zhēng)論時(shí)常用besides。對(duì)前面內(nèi)容進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充時(shí),常用also和too。用以補(bǔ)充,并強(qiáng)調(diào)超過前面所說的意義時(shí),常用 what is more或on top of this/that。
Ray won’t have any proof of my guilt. Besides, he doesn’t suspect me.
3.引導(dǎo)與期望形成對(duì)照的事實(shí)。如:though, actually, anyway. “though”用來與剛發(fā)生的事形成對(duì)比。與人們?cè)诂F(xiàn)實(shí)中的想象形成對(duì)照時(shí)用as a matter of fact, in fact.
The country around Cambridge is flat, though it offers easy going to the foot traveler.
4.原因和結(jié)果。如:so, as a result, in that case.
The prisoners had a secret radio, so they could receive messages from the outside world.
5.歸納和總結(jié)。如:on the whole, in a word. 正式語境中總結(jié)討論要點(diǎn)常用 in summary, in conclusion, to sum up, to conclude等。
The situation is perhaps best summarized as follows.
6.舉例和縮小范圍。如:for example, for instance, say
They have travelled in many countries, for example, Japan, Malaysia and China.
7.重聲或簡(jiǎn)潔陳述。如:in other words, that is, I mean.我們通常用話語標(biāo)記來表示正在說明的不是新信息,使語言更加清晰。
Be natural. In other words, be yourself.
三、會(huì)話話語標(biāo)記的意義和用法
1.一個(gè)話語標(biāo)記可能有多種意義。如,OK可以是“我接受你的意見”,也可以在會(huì)話中引導(dǎo)一個(gè)新話題或改變談話內(nèi)容。OK, I agree with you. / OK, that finishes that. Now what was the other thing?
2.有些意義可以用許多詞和短語來表達(dá)。如,Right和OK都可以表示同意。Will you make sure the water’s hot? Yes, OK./ Right, this is what I want say.
3.用于駕馭會(huì)話的詞和短語有完全不同的意義。如,Right還可以是 wrong和left的反義詞; by the way可以用來指一種方式。I should tell he was ill by the way he was sweating.
4.同時(shí)還存在地區(qū)、社會(huì)和個(gè)人的用詞差別。如,教師經(jīng)常用now來表示進(jìn)入總結(jié)階段。Now, let’s come to a conclusion.
四、結(jié)語
學(xué)習(xí)英語的目的可能不同,但無論在正式或者非正式場(chǎng)合使用口語,必須了解話語標(biāo)記語義的細(xì)微區(qū)別、語義差異以及用法區(qū)別,這一切都取決于我們的英語水平和已掌握的話語標(biāo)記知識(shí)。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]R. Nattinger, S De Carrico, Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching,詞匯短語與語言教學(xué)[M].上海外語出版社,2000:64-68.
[2]吉利恩·布朗,喬治·尤爾.話語分析[M].世界文化出版社,1998:6-12.
[3]George Yule, Explaining English Grammar, OUP, 1998:273-274.
[4]Martin Parrott, Grammar for English Language Teachers, CUP, 2000:301.