【摘要】繼《浙江省深化高校考試招生制度綜合改革試點(diǎn)方案》正式出臺(tái)后，2016年10月迎來(lái)了首次新高考。其試題與往屆最大區(qū)別在于出現(xiàn)了新的寫(xiě)作題型——讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)。寫(xiě)作，不再是純粹的寫(xiě)，而是需要把讀和寫(xiě)結(jié)合，要求學(xué)生在讀后理解的基礎(chǔ)上再進(jìn)行構(gòu)思表達(dá)，使故事完整;不再是簡(jiǎn)單地翻譯題目要求，使用若干銜接詞，運(yùn)用高級(jí)詞匯句式，而是更注重語(yǔ)篇的連貫性，情節(jié)的合理性及語(yǔ)言的豐富性。其中，場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)是故事續(xù)寫(xiě)的重點(diǎn)之一。如何達(dá)到這樣的要求是一線英語(yǔ)教師們正在努力和積極探索的。而本篇文章以首次新高考寫(xiě)作試題為載體，旨在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生運(yùn)用場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)來(lái)提高寫(xiě)作表達(dá)能力。

【關(guān)鍵詞】場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě);讀后續(xù)寫(xiě);高考試題;動(dòng)態(tài)場(chǎng)景;靜態(tài)場(chǎng)景

【作者簡(jiǎn)介】金琳，浙江省寧波市鄞州高級(jí)中學(xué)。

一、了解場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型

1.動(dòng)態(tài)場(chǎng)景和靜態(tài)場(chǎng)景。動(dòng)態(tài)場(chǎng)景有描寫(xiě)聲音的（例1），也有描寫(xiě)動(dòng)作的（例2）。

例1：Somewhere， a branch snapped， an owl hooted. The wind， soft and cold， clicked through tree branches， from below， the faint sound of water tumbling through the valley.

例2：I climbed the fence and jumped onto the muddy field a few feet away from my house and started running towards the bus stop at top speed.

而靜態(tài)場(chǎng)景多以描寫(xiě)靜物為主，如客觀物件，自然景觀，靜態(tài)環(huán)境（例3）。

例3：The house was very old and shabby， and its owner was hardly ever seen to come out.

2.社會(huì)場(chǎng)景和自然場(chǎng)景。社會(huì)場(chǎng)景包括生活、工作、家庭、活動(dòng)等各種非自然場(chǎng)景。如：At least two dozen kites already hung in the sky， like paper sharks roaming for prey. Within an hour， the number doubled， the red， blue， and yellow kites glided and spun in the sky.

而所謂的自然場(chǎng)景就是對(duì)自然環(huán)境的描寫(xiě)。如：By three oclock， the rain had stopped and the sky was a curdled gray burdened with lumps of clouds. A cool breeze blew through the park.

二、2016年十月高考試題原材料場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)分析

One weekend in July， Jane and her husband， Tom， had driven three hours to camp overnight by a lake in the forest. Unfortunately， on the way an unpleasant subject came up and they started to quarrel. By the time they reached the lake， Jane was so angry that she said to Tom. “Im going to find a better spot for us to camp” and walked away. （動(dòng)作場(chǎng)景：驅(qū)車(chē)、吵架、生氣。）

With no path to follow， Jane just walked on for quite a long time. After she had climbed to a high place， she turned around， hoping to see the lake. To her surprise， she saw nothing but forest and， far beyond， a snowcapped mountain top. She suddenly realized that she was lost. （自然場(chǎng)景：無(wú)路可走，一片森林，遠(yuǎn)處的雪山;動(dòng)作場(chǎng)景：爬上高地，回頭，看。）

Jane rose at the break of day， hungry and thirsty. She could hear water trickling （滴落） somewhere at a distance. Quickly she followed the sound to a stream. To her great joy， she also saw some berry bushes. She drank and ate a few berries. Never in her life had she tasted anything better. Feeling stronger now， Jane began to walk along the stream and hope it would lead her to the lake. （社會(huì)場(chǎng)景：起床，又餓又渴;動(dòng)態(tài)場(chǎng)景：水聲，跟隨，看到，喝，吃，繼續(xù)走。）

所給段首：

Paragraph 1： But no more helicopters came and it was getting dark again.

Paragraph 2： It was day break when Jane woke up.

三、場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)的作用

通過(guò)閱讀原材料及對(duì)原材料場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)的分析，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，在故事敘述中添加場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)不僅能有助于鎖定故事發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，了解該地點(diǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)情況，還能渲染故事氛圍，增添畫(huà)面感，產(chǎn)生呼應(yīng)并烘托人物心理活動(dòng)的積極作用。

我們可以對(duì)比下面兩份學(xué)生習(xí)作來(lái)更好地感受一下：

學(xué)生習(xí)作1：Jane felt hungry. She kept walking in the woods and couldnt find the lake or the stream. “Tom， help！” Jane shouted though she knew it is helpless.

學(xué)生習(xí)作2：Deep in the woods， Jane could only hear the sound of wind. Everywhere are high trees over 20 meters. No light. No Tom. Feeling hopeless and uneasy， she sat down on the edge of a huge rock and cried.

診斷：兩段文字均描寫(xiě)了Jane在森林里的情況，但習(xí)作2相比較1而言，加入了許多引人入勝的場(chǎng)景描述。這些語(yǔ)句形象地描述了當(dāng)時(shí)森林漆黑一片的場(chǎng)景，烘托出Jane極其孤單、害怕無(wú)助的心理，增添了故事的真實(shí)性，讓讀者有強(qiáng)烈的畫(huà)面感，仿佛親臨其境。

四、如何開(kāi)展場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)

1.一正一反兩相宜。寫(xiě)作中，無(wú)論大家想描述什么樣的場(chǎng)景，我們都可以從正反兩個(gè)角度去構(gòu)思，正面直接描寫(xiě)，反面對(duì)比襯托。我們來(lái)看第一組正面直接描寫(xiě)的例子：

例4：Deep in the woods， Jane could only hear the sound of wind. Everywhere are high trees over 20 meters. No light. No Tom. Feeling hopeless and uneasy， she sat down on the edge of a huge rock and cried.

例4中 “Deep in the woods， everywhere are high trees. No light， no Tom.”（樹(shù)林深處，叢林密布，沒(méi)有燈光，沒(méi)有Tom）這樣對(duì)自然環(huán)境直接的描述有效烘托了Jane非常hopeless， uneasy的心理。

反面對(duì)比襯托我們來(lái)看第二組例子：

例5：My kids and I were excitedly heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way， we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said， “Lost my job. Family to feed.”

例5中對(duì)比“My kids and I were excitedly heading into the market”和某人“Lost my job. Family to feed”兩種完全相反的處境，形象襯托出了 “The man is in great need of help”的情況，為下文主人公和孩子們伸出援助之手做了很好的鋪墊。

2. 突出細(xì)節(jié)活劇情。借助正反兩種方法的同時(shí)，我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行場(chǎng)景渲染時(shí)，還可以適當(dāng)突出一些細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)使情節(jié)更加活潑生動(dòng)。請(qǐng)大家看下面這個(gè)場(chǎng)景：

Dario和媽媽很喜歡他們的新公寓?？蛷d足夠大容下他們的鋼琴。那一晚他們倆彈了一曲來(lái)慶祝搬了新家。

比較下面兩種描寫(xiě)：

①Dario and his mother loved their new apartment. The living room was large enough for their piano. That night， they played a song to celebrate their new home.

②Dario and his mother loved their new apartment. The living room was large enough for their piano. That night， the two of them sat side by side at the piano. They played jazz music to celebrate their new home. The beautiful music filled the room and made them feel very happy.

很明顯，第二個(gè)描寫(xiě)加入了許多引人入勝的細(xì)節(jié)，這些細(xì)節(jié)的添加使故事內(nèi)容更加飽滿(mǎn)，故事環(huán)境容易使讀者產(chǎn)生共鳴，同時(shí)，也使故事角色更加真實(shí)形象。

3. 修飾性詞語(yǔ)巧妙用。從上一點(diǎn)，我們可以看到許多細(xì)節(jié)的加入使故事情節(jié)變得更加活潑生動(dòng)。其實(shí)，除此之外，我們還可以靈活使用一些簡(jiǎn)單的形容詞、副詞，使描寫(xiě)的對(duì)象形象化，發(fā)生的動(dòng)作清晰化。這也是實(shí)際寫(xiě)作時(shí)許多同學(xué)忽略的好辦法。請(qǐng)看10月高考試題學(xué)生寫(xiě)的例子：With the time going by， Jane woke up.

想象一下當(dāng)時(shí)的場(chǎng)景，我們可以加入一些簡(jiǎn)單的形容詞副詞，突出人物當(dāng)時(shí)的所處的環(huán)境和心理。再看修改后的這個(gè)例子：With time going by， Jane woke up， hungry and thirsty.

五、結(jié)語(yǔ)

場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)是故事敘述中非常重要的手段。合適的場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)，有利于鋪墊出合理的續(xù)寫(xiě)情節(jié)，既能豐富文章的語(yǔ)言和內(nèi)容，深化故事的脈絡(luò)，又能喚起讀者的共鳴，使閱讀者有身臨其境的感覺(jué)。場(chǎng)景描寫(xiě)的方法很多，不論是借助正反角度，關(guān)注故事各種細(xì)節(jié)，還是靈活運(yùn)用修飾性詞語(yǔ)，在讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)中都具有很強(qiáng)的操作性。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]Pickering M J & Garrod S.Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences，2004（27）：169-226.

[2]姜琳，陳錦.讀后續(xù)寫(xiě)對(duì)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確性、復(fù)雜性和流利性發(fā)展的影響[J].現(xiàn)代外語(yǔ)，2015（3）：366-375.