樸哲虎 石巖 程金良
摘要 [目的]研究延邊地區(qū)蘋果梨果實(shí)主要礦質(zhì)元素含量與品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的關(guān)系。[方法]測(cè)定延邊地區(qū)8個(gè)成齡蘋果梨園果實(shí)礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量與果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo),采用相關(guān)分析探討果實(shí)礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)與主要品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的關(guān)系。[結(jié)果]果實(shí)內(nèi)的P與Mn、Ca與Mg、Mg與Fe呈顯著正相關(guān);Ca與Mn呈極顯著正相關(guān)。果實(shí)中N、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn與果實(shí)硬度呈正相關(guān),P、K、Cu與果實(shí)硬度呈負(fù)相關(guān);P、K、Fe、Zn與可溶性固形物呈正相關(guān),N、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn與可溶性固形物呈負(fù)相關(guān);P、K、Fe與總糖呈正相關(guān),N、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn與總糖呈負(fù)相關(guān);N、K、Fe與總酸呈正相關(guān),P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn與總酸呈負(fù)相關(guān);P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn與糖酸比呈正相關(guān),N、Cu、Zn與糖酸比呈負(fù)相關(guān)。[結(jié)論]該研究為蘋果梨園合理施肥和補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)、提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)等提供理論依據(jù)和指導(dǎo)方案。
關(guān)鍵詞 蘋果梨;果實(shí);礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng);品質(zhì);相關(guān)性
中圖分類號(hào) TS207.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 0517-6611(2018)20-0159-03
Abstract [Objective]The research aimed to study the relationship between main mineral elements content and quality indexes of apple pear in Yanbian area. [Method] The mineral nutrient content and fruit quality index of 8 mature apple orchards in Yanbian area were determined. The correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between the fruit mineral nutrition and the main quality indicators of the fruit. [Result] There were significant positive correlations between P and Mn, Ca and Mg, Mg and Fe in fruit, and there was an extremely significant positive correlation between Ca and Mn. There was a positive correlation between N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and fruit hardness;P, K and Cu were negatively correlated with fruit firmness.P, K, Fe and Zn were positively correlated with soluble solids;there was a negative correlation between N,Ca,Mg,Cu,Mn and soluble solids.P, K, Fe were positively correlated with total sugar; N, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn were negatively correlated with total sugar.N, K, Fe and total acid were positive;P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn were negatively correlated with total acid.P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn were positively correlated with sugar acid ratio;and N, Cu, Zn was negatively correlated with sugar acid ratio.[Conclusion]The study provides theoretical basis and guidance scheme for rational fertilization, nutritional supplement, and improvement of fruit quality in apple pear.
Key words Apple pear;Fruit;Mineral nutrition;Quality;Correlation
蘋果梨是我國(guó)優(yōu)良梨品種之一,栽培已有90多年的歷史。在吉林省延邊州規(guī)模已達(dá)到1.2萬hm2,年產(chǎn)量9萬t以上,產(chǎn)值近億元。果實(shí)中的礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量不僅影響果實(shí)品質(zhì)和貯藏中的生理病害[1-3],而且是人類膳食的礦質(zhì)元素來源,并與人類的健康有密切關(guān)系[4-5]。有關(guān)礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)和品質(zhì)的關(guān)系研究在蘋果上有過一些報(bào)道,但在梨上報(bào)道較少。果實(shí)礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量不僅反映了果園土壤的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況、肥力水平和吸收利用效率等,同時(shí)與蘋果果實(shí)采收后的品質(zhì)特性和生理病害有密切關(guān)系[6]。Dris等[7]和Siddique等[8]分別研究了葉片、果實(shí)礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)與果實(shí)品質(zhì)特性的關(guān)系。筆者通過在延邊地區(qū)選擇不同類型具有代表性的果園,從影響果實(shí)品質(zhì)的元素入手進(jìn)行了調(diào)查研究,探明該地區(qū)蘋果梨果實(shí)主要礦質(zhì)元素含量與品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的關(guān)系,以期為蘋果梨園合理施肥和補(bǔ)充營(yíng)養(yǎng)、提高果實(shí)品質(zhì)等提供理論依據(jù)和指導(dǎo)方案。
1 材料與方法
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
試驗(yàn)于2015—2016年在吉林省延邊州選擇有代表性的8個(gè)果園進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)園均為丘陵陽(yáng)坡地,行間清耕,管理?xiàng)l件較好,無灌水條件。供試蘋果梨樹勢(shì)中庸。果實(shí)成熟期分別選擇成齡蘋果梨樹10株,于樹冠外圍中部各方位隨機(jī)采摘生長(zhǎng)正常的果實(shí)30個(gè),帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,10個(gè)測(cè)定果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo),另20個(gè)果實(shí)去除果柄后用不銹鋼刀切片后,烘干至恒重,裝入紙袋置于干燥器中備用。
1.2 樣品測(cè)定方法
1.2.1 礦質(zhì)元素含量。全氮,半微量凱氏法;全磷,釩鉬黃比色法;全鉀,火焰光度計(jì)法;鈣、鎂、銅、鐵、錳、鋅,干灰化-原子吸收分光光度法。
1.2.2 果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)。
硬度用GY-1型果實(shí)硬度計(jì)測(cè)定(去果皮);果實(shí)可溶性固形物用手持測(cè)糖儀測(cè)定;總糖用斐林試劑容量滴定法;總酸用氫氧化鈉中和滴定法。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理 試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel和DPS軟件進(jìn)行分析。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 蘋果梨果實(shí)礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量和果實(shí)品質(zhì)的基本狀況 從表1可看出,不同果園蘋果梨果實(shí)各營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素變幅從大到小依次為Zn、K、N、Fe、Ca、Mg、Cu、P、Mn,果實(shí)Zn含量變幅最大,變異系數(shù)達(dá)62.68%,Mn變幅最小,為7.82%。
分析蘋果梨果實(shí)品質(zhì)(表2)發(fā)現(xiàn),不同果園果實(shí)品質(zhì)變幅不大,各指標(biāo)變異系數(shù)從大到小依次為糖/酸、總酸、總糖、可溶性固形物、硬度。糖/酸變幅最大,變異系數(shù)達(dá)9.37%,硬度變幅最小,為3.92%。
2.2 蘋果梨果實(shí)中礦質(zhì)元素含量的相關(guān)性 從表3可看出,蘋果梨果實(shí)內(nèi)的各營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之間存在著拮抗或增效作用, P與Mn、Ca與Mg、Mg與Fe呈顯著正相關(guān);Ca與Mn呈極顯著正相關(guān)。
2.3 蘋果梨果實(shí)中礦質(zhì)元素含量與品質(zhì)的關(guān)系
從表4可以看出,蘋果梨果實(shí)中礦質(zhì)元素含量與果實(shí)中的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、總糖、總酸以及糖/酸5項(xiàng)代表果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)間存在密切關(guān)系,但是不同元素對(duì)品質(zhì)主要指標(biāo)的影響不同,且同一元素在不同指標(biāo)中所起的作用也不同。果實(shí)中N、Ca、 Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn與果實(shí)硬度呈正相關(guān),P、K、Cu與果實(shí)硬度呈負(fù)相關(guān);P、K、Fe、Zn與可溶性固形物呈正相關(guān),其余礦質(zhì)元素與可溶性固形物呈負(fù)相關(guān);P、K、Fe與總糖呈正相關(guān),其余礦質(zhì)元素與總糖呈負(fù)相關(guān);N、K、Fe與總酸呈正相關(guān),其余礦質(zhì)元素與總酸呈負(fù)相關(guān);N、Cu、Zn與糖酸比呈負(fù)相關(guān),其余礦質(zhì)元素與糖酸比呈正相關(guān)。
3 結(jié)論與討論
關(guān)于果實(shí)礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)對(duì)主要果實(shí)品質(zhì)指標(biāo)影響的重要程度及相關(guān)性,F(xiàn)allahi等[9]分析認(rèn)為,礦質(zhì)元素影響果實(shí)品質(zhì),其中N、P、Ca和B含量對(duì)蘋果品質(zhì)和生理病害影響較大;K可以提高蘋果的大小、酸含量和色澤,但降低果實(shí)硬度;應(yīng)用果實(shí)礦質(zhì)元素分析可以準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測(cè)果實(shí)品質(zhì)。徐慧等[10]研究認(rèn)為,“富士”果實(shí)P對(duì)單果質(zhì)量、可溶性固形物含量和果肉硬度的正直接作用最大,而N的負(fù)直接作用最大。該研究表明,果實(shí)礦質(zhì)元素Zn含量在不同果園差異較大,含量相差6倍以上,N、K含量相差2倍以上,其他元素含量差異不大。有些元素如N、Ca、Mn對(duì)品質(zhì)的影響與前人的研究結(jié)果基本一致,有些則不同[9-10]。分析其原因可能是由于樹的種類不同、品種之間的元素效應(yīng)不一致。
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