張良
【摘要】代詞是英語中最捉摸不定的詞類,稍有疏忽,就會誤解其表達(dá)的真正含義。尤其是在寫作中,代詞使用不當(dāng),就會引起整個句子意思表達(dá)的混亂。為矯枉過正,本文擬就代詞在數(shù)、性、人稱方面的一致性進(jìn)行探討。
【關(guān)鍵詞】代詞 寫作 一致性
代詞一致是指句中代詞在數(shù)、性、人稱等方面彼此保持一致,或者與它所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。因此,英語寫作中必須注意代詞在如下幾個方面的一致性:
一、代詞在數(shù)方面的一致
代詞在數(shù)方面的一致主要體現(xiàn)在不定代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞等作主語時的主謂一致
1.不定代詞作主語時的主謂一致。
1)everything,anything,something,nothing,everybody,every-one,anybody,anyone,somebody,
someone,nobody,no one等構(gòu)成的合成代詞及neither,either,each,one,the other,another,little,much等作主語,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
Anyone who wants to come is welcome.
Nobody else has time for such things.
2)both,few,many,several等作主語時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Few of my kiends were present at the party
Several of them know the construction of the machine.
3)all,most,some,none等作主語時,如果所指的是復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如果所指的是單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
All are happy to hear the news.(聽到這個消息,大家都很高興。)
All of the jam has been eaten.(所有的果醬都吃完了。)
Most of the earth is covered with water(地球表面的大部分被水覆蓋)
4)“more than基數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);“more than one”或者“more than one+單數(shù)名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如:
Morethan one hasfound it so.
More than a thousand inhabitants have signed the petition.
2.疑問代詞what,which,who作主語時,謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于疑問代詞指的是單數(shù)或是復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
Who knows the reason?
Who care aboutthetides?
3.that,which或who做從句的主語時,謂語動詞要與關(guān)系代詞的先行詞的人稱和數(shù)一致。例如:
There is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject.
1 Was the one who was going to London.
二、代詞在性方面的一致
1.當(dāng)名稱的性無法確定時,陰性與陽性都可使用。
An average student with average intelligence can be a top student if he/she plans his/her time carefully.
中等智力水平的學(xué)生只要仔細(xì)安排他(她)的時間也能成為優(yōu)等生。
2.國家、船只等名詞常被看作陰性,因此可以用she,her代替。
China will resolutely carry out her current economic rearm.
中國堅定不移地進(jìn)行當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟改革。
Titanic Was really a great ship at that time.she was called a ship of dream.
泰坦尼克當(dāng)時確實是一艘了不起的船,被稱之為“夢之船”。
3.在非正式文體或附加疑問句中,當(dāng)everyone,somebody,no-body,no one作主語時,代詞用they.也可用he.
Everyone knows what they have to do.dont they?
Everyone knows his job,doesnt he?
4.當(dāng)everything,anything,something,nothing作主語時,在附加疑問句中,代詞通常用 it.Something should be done,shouldnt it?
Nothing will be damaged during the vocation.wont it
三、代詞在人稱上的一致。
1.代詞在人稱上應(yīng)與其所在句中的主語保持一致。
The women in the committee expressed their opinions at the con-ference.委員會里的婦女在會議上表達(dá)了她們的觀點。
Mr.Roger and I visited BeJjing last year.We stayed there for one month.我和羅杰去年逛了北京,我們在那里逗留了一個
2.在英國英語里,和One照應(yīng)的代詞是one,ones,oneself,而美國英語里常用he,him,his,himself.例如:
One should wash one。s hair regularly.人應(yīng)該經(jīng)常洗頭。One cannot succeed unless he works hard.一個人如果不努力,就不能成功。
3。anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,nobody相對應(yīng)的、既可以指男性也可以指女性的單數(shù)形式的人稱代詞所以在某些場合人稱上,用they,them,their.例如:
Everyone has read the notice,haven。t they每一個人都看了通知了,是嗎?
Nobody objected,did they沒人反對,是吧?
4.“either/neither+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時,在正式場合中,人稱代詞用his.,口語中,用their。例如:Neither of them could make up his mind.(正式場合)兩人誰也做不了主。
Neither of them could make up their minds.(口語中)兩人誰也做不了主。
總之,英語寫作中的代詞一致看似簡單,實則相當(dāng)復(fù)雜,這就需要我們在寫作中注意代詞一致的一些特殊情況。這樣才能在行文中寫出符合語法習(xí)慣的英語作文。endprint