王媛媛++++++李元梅++++++李惠莉++++++應(yīng)慧敏++++++田芳++++++周振鋒
[摘要] 目的 回顧性評(píng)價(jià)糖尿病對(duì)體外循環(huán)(CPB)下心臟手術(shù)患者預(yù)后的影響。方法 回顧性收集我院于2012年1月~2015年12月CPB下心臟手術(shù)患者1554例。根據(jù)術(shù)前是否合并糖尿病分為糖尿病組和對(duì)照組。記錄兩組患者一般資料和術(shù)中資料。記錄術(shù)后主要觀察指標(biāo):術(shù)后肺部感染和其他感染率;次要觀察指標(biāo)包括院內(nèi)死亡率和其他并發(fā)癥。采用多因素回歸統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。 結(jié)果 共1256例納入研究分析。糖尿病與術(shù)后其他感染、切口愈合延遲及因出血二次手術(shù)的發(fā)生有關(guān),而且糖尿病組術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間延長。本研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病與院內(nèi)死亡、肺部感染、術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫、腦梗死、連續(xù)性腎替代治療、因切口愈合延遲二次手術(shù)和術(shù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)再入院率相關(guān)。 結(jié)論 糖尿病患者行CPB下心臟手術(shù)中只有5.3%達(dá)到 HBA1c≤7%。相比無糖尿病者,糖尿病患者術(shù)后因再出血二次手術(shù)、切口愈合不良和其他感染率增加,并且術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣和住院時(shí)間延長。目前我國也尚無指南建議DM患者行心臟手術(shù)的最佳HBA1c值,需要更多研究證據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 糖尿??;心臟手術(shù);感染;預(yù)后
[中圖分類號(hào)] R587.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)32-0081-04
[Abstract] Objective To retrospectively evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on the prognosis of patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB). Methods A total of 1554 patients undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB in our hospital from January 2012 to December 2015 were retrospectively collected. According to whether to merge with the preoperative diabetes mellitus, the patients were divided into two groups including diabetes group and control group. The general information and intraoperative information of the patients were recorded. The main observed indicators after surgery including the rates of postoperative pulmonary infection and other infections and the secondary observed indicators including hospital mortality and other complications were recorded. Multivariate regression analysis was used. Results A total of 1256 patients were included in the study. Diabetes mellitus was related to postoperative other infections, incision healing delay and the occurrence of secondary surgery due to bleeding. And the postoperative mechanical ventilation time and postoperative hospital stay were prolonged in the diabetic group. The study did not find that diabetes mellitus was correlated with hospital death, pulmonary infection, postoperative new atrial fibrillation, cerebral infarction, continuous renal replacement therapy, secondary surgery due to delayed incision healing and re-admission rate within 6 months. Conclusions Only 5.3% of diabetic patients undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB had HBA1c≤7%. Compared with those of non-diabetic patients, the rates of secondary surgery due to rebleeding after surgery, poor incision healing and other infections increase. And the postoperative mechanical ventilation time and hospital stay are prolonged in the diabetic group, compared to those in non-diabetes. At present, there is no guideline in our country to suggest the optimal HBA1c value of cardiac surgery for DM patients, and more evidence is needed.endprint
[Key words] Diabetes mellitus; Heart surgery; Infection; Prognosis
糖尿?。╠iabetes mellitus DM)在世界范圍內(nèi)呈流行趨勢(shì)。2010年調(diào)查顯示我國成人糖尿病患病率為11.6%,糖尿病已成為我國重大的公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。糖尿病使心血管并發(fā)癥增加了2~4倍[2],糖尿病相關(guān)并發(fā)癥增加了手術(shù)機(jī)率,而且人數(shù)還在增加[3]。研究還證實(shí)合并糖尿病者手術(shù)預(yù)后更差[4]。
目前研究關(guān)注糖尿病對(duì)心臟術(shù)后長期預(yù)后及胰島素治療的影響,但大多數(shù)研究只關(guān)注冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG),極少全面關(guān)注糖尿病對(duì)其他心臟手術(shù)預(yù)后的影響[5],更缺少糖尿病對(duì)心臟手術(shù)患者住院期間臨床預(yù)后的影響[6]。因此,本研究調(diào)查國內(nèi)糖尿病患者行心臟手術(shù)住院期間的臨床預(yù)后,有助于了解并改善患者的預(yù)后。
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
獲得本院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)后,回顧性收集2012年1月~2015年12月1554例體外循環(huán)(CPB)下行開胸心臟手術(shù)患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡< 18周歲、體外循環(huán)下不停跳手術(shù)、急診手術(shù)或術(shù)中采用深低溫技術(shù)、二次開胸手術(shù)、使用主動(dòng)脈球囊反搏術(shù)、術(shù)中死亡、術(shù)后使用體外膜肺氧合裝置、心臟移植手術(shù)或先天性心臟病矯治術(shù)等。按照術(shù)前是否合并糖尿病分為糖尿病組和對(duì)照組,一名內(nèi)分泌科醫(yī)生通過查閱病例確認(rèn)糖尿病診斷。圍術(shù)期維持血糖在6.7~11.1 mmol/L,術(shù)中使用短效胰島素控制血糖。術(shù)后患者均帶管送重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(ICU), 術(shù)后72 h常規(guī)連續(xù)心電監(jiān)護(hù)。收集基礎(chǔ)臨床資料、術(shù)中資料和術(shù)后觀察指標(biāo)。
1.2觀察指標(biāo)
術(shù)后肺部感染診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下[7]:有發(fā)熱或咳痰癥狀,且有實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果(痰培養(yǎng)陽性或胸片、CT影像學(xué)變化)。②其他感染包括頸內(nèi)靜脈感染、尿道感染、切口感染,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):體溫≥ 38.5℃并有血液化驗(yàn)檢查支持,有感染科醫(yī)生會(huì)診記錄。所有病例由一名感染科醫(yī)生通過查閱病例再確認(rèn)。次要觀察指標(biāo)包括院內(nèi)死亡率、因切口愈合延遲或出血二次手術(shù)、ICU天數(shù)、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)再入院率和以下結(jié)局:①切口愈合延遲定義為術(shù)后第8天胸部切口未愈合;②新發(fā)房顫診斷診斷依據(jù)術(shù)后心電圖或以下病史記錄中至少兩項(xiàng)[8]:病程記錄、護(hù)理記錄、出院小結(jié)和治療藥物改變,術(shù)前有房顫者不納入術(shù)后新發(fā)房顫統(tǒng)計(jì)分析;③腦梗死診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下[9]:新發(fā)腦缺血癥狀≥ 24 h,并有腦部影像學(xué)證據(jù);④術(shù)后連續(xù)腎臟透析治療(CRRT):術(shù)前腎功能異常不納入術(shù)后CRRT分析(包括血肌酐水平升高:男性 >1.6 mg/dL 或女性> 1.4 mg/dL)[10]。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SAS 8.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料(x±s) 表示,組間均數(shù)比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確檢驗(yàn)。采用泊松多因素回歸分析術(shù)后結(jié)局發(fā)生率在5%以內(nèi),5%以上采用Logistic多因素回歸。采用線性回歸分析機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間、ICU時(shí)間及術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,納入自變量參考院內(nèi)死亡納入因素。將單因素分析中組間比較P≤0.2的術(shù)前及術(shù)中變量納入多因素回歸分析,其他納入因素根據(jù)既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[7-10]。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1一般資料
共有1256例納入分析,糖尿病129例,見圖1。男性占50.3%,平均年齡55歲,CABG手術(shù)178例(14.2%),主動(dòng)脈瓣手術(shù)179例(14.3%),二尖瓣手術(shù)261例(20.8%),三尖瓣手術(shù)75例(6.0%),復(fù)合手術(shù)563例(44.8%)。糖尿病組患者平均糖尿病程8年,80%以上需要使用胰島素,胰島素日平均劑量為31U,平均血糖為7.5 mmol/L,平均糖化血紅蛋白(HBA1c) 為9.3 g/dL,只有5.3%患者HBA1c≤7%。
2.2兩組患者術(shù)前及術(shù)中資料比較
與對(duì)照組相比,糖尿病組患者年齡和體重指數(shù)較大,男性偏多,合并ASA Ⅲ和既往吸煙史者更多,合并高血壓、高脂血癥、慢性腎臟疾病、術(shù)前30 d內(nèi)心肌梗死、貧血更常見,更多患者需要降壓藥和抗凝藥物,術(shù)前基礎(chǔ)血糖值較高和血紅蛋白值偏低(P<0.05),見表1。糖尿病組麻醉、手術(shù)和體外循環(huán)時(shí)間均顯著延長,行冠脈搭橋術(shù)者更多,但復(fù)合手術(shù)者較少,出血更多,術(shù)中需要輸注更多血制品和液體量(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3兩組患者術(shù)后資料比較
體外循環(huán)下心臟手術(shù)患者總院內(nèi)死亡率為1.6%,糖尿病組為3.9%,而對(duì)照組為1.3%。術(shù)前合并糖尿病與術(shù)后其他感染、切口愈合延遲和因出血二次手術(shù)的發(fā)生有關(guān),而且糖尿病組術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間延長。本研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病與術(shù)后肺部感染、CRRT、因切口愈合延遲二次手術(shù)、新發(fā)房顫、腦梗死、ICU時(shí)間和術(shù)后6個(gè)月內(nèi)再入院率相關(guān),見表3、4。
3 討論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病不但會(huì)增加術(shù)后切口愈合延遲、其他感染和因出血二次手術(shù)率,還會(huì)延長術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間。糖尿病患者常合并冠心病、高血壓等基礎(chǔ)疾病,同時(shí)糖尿病會(huì)影響血管正常功能,促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮增生,減弱血管彈性,使糖尿病患者易于出血[11];高血糖時(shí)會(huì)降低一氧化氮活性,使超氧自由基等物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生增加,從而損害血管內(nèi)皮功能[12];高血糖和體外循環(huán)都會(huì)促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng),引起血管氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)血栓形成和斑塊破裂,還會(huì)影響血小板正常功能[13]。這些因素均會(huì)增加術(shù)后因出血二次手術(shù)的發(fā)生。另外,高血糖還會(huì)影響單核細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能,進(jìn)而增加術(shù)后感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[14]。
糖尿病對(duì)切口愈合的影響考慮以下幾方面:①糖尿病可形成糖基化終末產(chǎn)物,從而誘導(dǎo)腫瘤壞死因子-α、白細(xì)胞介素-1等炎性因子的產(chǎn)生和阻礙膠原合成,最終影響傷口愈合[15];②糖尿病患者細(xì)胞趨化和吞噬作用、殺菌能力均降低,而且熱休克蛋白也會(huì)減少,這些變化都與傷口愈合不良密切相關(guān);③傷口愈合的一個(gè)重要過程就是血管新生形成肉芽組織,但糖尿病患者不但缺乏多種生長因子,而且血管新生功能也下降[16]。endprint
多項(xiàng)研究證實(shí)[17,18]糖尿病患者行CABG術(shù)后長期死亡率增高。目前關(guān)于糖尿病對(duì)CABG術(shù)后30 d內(nèi)死亡率存在爭(zhēng)議。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比無糖尿病患者,糖尿病患者行CABG手術(shù)圍術(shù)期死亡率明顯增高[18,19];另一方面,Risum等[17]和Marcheix等[20]報(bào)道不管術(shù)前有無糖尿病,術(shù)后早期死亡率并無差異,其他研究認(rèn)為DM不是住院期間死亡的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子[6]。本研究也未發(fā)現(xiàn)DM與住院期間死亡相關(guān)。這可能與死亡發(fā)生率低,而術(shù)后觀察時(shí)間過短有關(guān)。
有研究認(rèn)為糖尿病病程和治療方式都不是患者生存率的主要決定因素[18]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不管是否使用胰島素治療,CABG術(shù)后住院期間心肌梗死、腦梗死、住院時(shí)間和死亡率都無顯著差異[19]。為了評(píng)估糖尿病對(duì)心臟手術(shù)的影響,本研究不區(qū)分糖尿病病程和治療方式,將所有糖尿病患者作為整體一組進(jìn)行分析。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)HBA1c≤7%時(shí),CABG術(shù)后主要并發(fā)癥和死亡率均下降[21],這要求我們針對(duì)DM患者不但需要密切關(guān)注術(shù)中血糖波動(dòng),而且更需平穩(wěn)控制術(shù)前血糖。
綜上所述,糖尿病患者行CPB下心臟手術(shù)中只有5.3%達(dá)到 HBA1c≤7%,術(shù)后因再出血二次手術(shù)、切口愈合延遲和其他感染率增加,并且術(shù)后機(jī)械通氣和住院時(shí)間延長。目前我國也尚無指南建議DM患者行心臟手術(shù)的最佳HBA1c值,需要更多研究證據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-08)endprint