牟歡 劉洋 劉劍
[摘要] 目的 探討羊膜干細(xì)胞(AMSCs)對(duì)嚴(yán)重?zé)齻笫笤缙谛募p害的作用及相關(guān)作用機(jī)制。 方法 采用酶消化法分離培養(yǎng)AMSCs,并用流式細(xì)胞儀對(duì)所分離培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞表面分子標(biāo)志物進(jìn)行檢測(cè),并進(jìn)行體外誘導(dǎo)成脂、成骨分化鑒定。24只健康雄性SD大鼠,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)分組,分為單純燒傷(burn)組、AMSCs組、假傷(sham)組。實(shí)驗(yàn)大鼠背部于98℃熱水浴15 s,制成30%總體表面積Ⅲ度燒傷模型,傷后即刻burn組、AMSCs組大鼠分別腹腔注射0.9%氯化鈉10 mL(50 mL/kg)行抗休克治療,3 h后兩組大鼠分別經(jīng)尾靜脈注射PBS和AMSCs;sham組僅對(duì)大鼠背部于37℃水浴15 s,模擬燒傷模型制作過程。48 h后采集三組大鼠腹主動(dòng)脈血及心肌組織標(biāo)本,采用ELISA法檢測(cè)乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)、血清肌酸激酶(CK)的含量,RT-PCR法檢測(cè)組織中凋亡相關(guān)因子(caspase-3),炎性相關(guān)因子TNF-α、IL-1β及抑炎因子IL-10 mRNA表達(dá)水平。對(duì)所得實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行單因素方差分析、LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。 結(jié)果 采用酶消化法培養(yǎng)的AMSCs傳至第3代后檢測(cè)均表達(dá)CD29、CD44、CD90、CD105,而CD34陽(yáng)性率較低,可在體外向成骨成脂誘導(dǎo)分化。與sham組比較,burn組大鼠血清LDH、CK的含量顯著增高(P < 0.05),AMSCs組CK、LDH含量與burn組相比顯著降低(P < 0.05)。burn組大鼠心肌中TNF-α、caspase-3、IL-1β mRNA水平均高于sham組(P < 0.05),AMSCs組心肌組織中TNF-α、caspase-3、IL-1β mRNA水平顯著低于burn組(P < 0.05)。burn組大鼠心肌組織中IL-10 mRNA表達(dá)量顯著低于sham組(P < 0.05),AMSCs組大鼠心肌組織中IL-10 mRNA表達(dá)量與burn組比較顯著增高(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 嚴(yán)重?zé)齻缙诓捎肁MSCs治療可顯著降低心肌CK、LDH水平,減輕嚴(yán)重?zé)齻麑?dǎo)致的心肌組織損傷,降低心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,減少炎癥細(xì)胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α表達(dá),促進(jìn)抑炎細(xì)胞因子IL-10的表達(dá)水平,對(duì)嚴(yán)重?zé)齻笫笮呐K細(xì)胞損傷具有重要的保護(hù)作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 燒傷;心肌損傷;羊膜干細(xì)胞;炎癥因子;細(xì)胞凋亡
[中圖分類號(hào)] R644 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)07(a)-0004-05
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects and related mechanism of amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) for rats myocardial injury induced by severe burns. Methods The AMSCs were obtained by the method of collagenase-pancreatic enzyme digestion. Biological markers were assayed with flow cytometry. The activity of AMSCs was identified using adipogenic and osteoplastic differentiation. 24 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, burn group and AMSCs group. The dorsal skin of rats in burn group and AMSCs group were exposed to 98℃ water for 15 s which led to the third degree, 30% TBSA burns, while the rats in the sham group were exposed to 37℃ water for 15 s. Rats in burn group and AMSCs group were given 0.9% 10 mL (50 mL/kg) saline intraperitoneally immediately after burns. PBS or AMSCs were injected through caudal vein 3 hours later. 48 hours later, rats were sacrificed and the myocardium and blood from aorta abdominalis were collected. The levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were detected by ELISA. The mRNA levels of caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 were detected by RT-PCR. The data were analyzed through AVONA and LSD-t test by SPSS. Results The positive rates of CD29, CD44, CD90, CDl05 were very high in the third generation of AMSCs, however, the positive rate of CD34 was low. AMSCs underwent osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation after induction. The levels of CK and LDH in rats of the burn group were significantly increased compared with the sham group (P < 0.05). The levels of CK and LDH in AMSCs group were significantly lower than those in the burn group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of caspase-3, IL-1β and TNF-α in the myocardium of the burn group were significantly increased compared with the sham group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of caspase-3, IL-1β and TNF-α in myocardium of the AMSCs group were significantly lower than those in the burn group (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of IL-10 in the burn group was significantly lower than that in the sham group (P < 0.05). In the AMSCs group, the expression of IL-10 mRNA was significantly higher than that in the burn group (P < 0.05). Conclusion AMSCs can protect against myocardial injury induced by severe burns. The levels of CK and LDH decreased, indicating that the injury of myocardial decreased. During which, the inflammatory factors, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA decreased and anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 mRNA increased.
[Key words] Burns; Myocardial injury; Amniotic mesenchymal stem cells; Inflammation factor; Cell apoptosis
燒傷患者早期即存在心功能及心肌細(xì)胞的損害。大量研究表明:間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)的免疫調(diào)節(jié)和旁分泌作用十分強(qiáng)大,能夠明顯抑制炎性反應(yīng),起到保護(hù)多臟器功能的作用[1-3]。羊膜間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(amniotic mesenchymal stem cells,AMSCs)具有向三胚層分化的多向分化潛能[4],由于其同源性,故不引起免疫排斥反應(yīng),且致瘤性較低,并且通過分泌多種因子參與促細(xì)胞增殖,減少炎性反應(yīng),調(diào)節(jié)損傷修復(fù)[5-6]。大量研究表明,體外培養(yǎng)的多能干細(xì)胞可誘導(dǎo)心肌梗死后心肌細(xì)胞再生[7-8]。AMSCs對(duì)嚴(yán)重?zé)齻笮募〖?xì)胞損害的作用機(jī)制目前尚不清楚。因此,本研究旨在觀察大鼠Ⅲ度燒傷后,經(jīng)外周靜脈輸注AMSCs對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞損傷的影響,并探討其可能的作用機(jī)制,進(jìn)而為以后采用AMSCs治療嚴(yán)重?zé)?創(chuàng)傷引起的臟器損害提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 動(dòng)物、主要儀器及試劑來源
SPF級(jí)SD雄性大鼠24只,體重(210±15)g,鼠齡8~10周,由西安交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)部提供。膠原酶Ⅰ、DMEM培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清、胰蛋白酶-乙二胺四乙酸、油紅O、茜素紅購(gòu)自美國(guó)Sigma公司;青霉素、鏈霉素雙抗購(gòu)自上海碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司;肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自美國(guó)R&D公司;Trizol試劑購(gòu)自美國(guó)Invitrogen公司;反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、SYBR Green熒光定量試劑盒購(gòu)自日本TaKaRa公司。IQ5TM實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)儀購(gòu)自美國(guó)Bio-Rad公司,IX71型倒置熒光顯微鏡購(gòu)自日本Olympus公司,流式細(xì)胞儀購(gòu)自美國(guó)BD公司,3-18K高速冷凍離心機(jī)購(gòu)自德國(guó)Sigma公司。
1.2 人AMSCs培養(yǎng)鑒定
獲取健康清潔級(jí)羊膜組織,產(chǎn)婦知情同意,經(jīng)第四軍醫(yī)大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(編號(hào)XJYYLL-2015393)。0.125%胰蛋白酶消化4次,每次10 min,再經(jīng)0.1%膠原酶90 min消化后分離、培養(yǎng)、純化AMSCs,形態(tài)學(xué)觀察第3代細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞表面分子標(biāo)志物CD29、CD31、CD34、CD45、CD90、CD105通過流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè),并進(jìn)行成骨成脂誘導(dǎo)分化鑒定。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及動(dòng)物模型制備
將24只健康清潔級(jí)雄性SD大鼠,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為假傷(sham)組、單純燒傷(burn)組、AMSCs組,每組8只實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物。各組大鼠腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥鈉溶液(40 mg/kg)麻醉后,行背部脫毛,將脫毛大鼠仰臥位固定在專用實(shí)驗(yàn)燒傷模具上,burn組和AMSCs組大鼠背部脫毛部分用98℃熱水浴15 s,制成占體表面積30%的Ⅲ度燒傷,傷后即刻兩組大鼠分別腹腔注射0.9%氯化鈉10 mL(50 mL/kg)行抗休克治療,傷后3 h burn組尾靜脈注射PBS 100 μL,AMSCs組尾靜脈注射AMSCs(2.5×107個(gè)/mL)100 μL。sham組大鼠背部脫毛部分37℃水浴15 s模擬燒傷過程。傷后各組大鼠均采用單籠飼養(yǎng)。
1.4 標(biāo)本采集
分組處理48 h后,各組大鼠脫臼處死,腹主動(dòng)脈采血備血清,并收集心肌組織分裝凍存于-80℃冰箱。
1.5 實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)指標(biāo)
1.5.1 血清LDH、CK含量 取血清凍存標(biāo)本,每組4份。ELISA法測(cè)定血清中LDH、CK含量。
1.5.2 心肌組織凋亡相關(guān)蛋白caspase-3、炎性細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-1及抑炎細(xì)胞因子IL-10 mRNA表達(dá) 采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量RT-PCR檢測(cè)。每組各取50 mg心肌組織標(biāo)本,Trizol提取總RNA,定量RNA濃度,反轉(zhuǎn)錄cDNA。實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR儀行定量分析,內(nèi)參照為甘油醛-3-磷酸脫氫酶(GAPDH),擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)條件:95℃ 30 s,95℃ 10 s,60℃ 20 s,40個(gè)循環(huán)。計(jì)算循環(huán)閾值(Ct),采用2-ΔΔCt法進(jìn)行相對(duì)基因表達(dá)分析。引物序列見表1。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 AMSCs的培養(yǎng)鑒定
AMSCs傳至第3代呈圓形和短梭形,流式鑒定均表達(dá)CD29、CD44、CD90、CD105,陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞率分別為95.7%、89.6%、93.4%、98.8%,而CD34陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞率為2.8%。培養(yǎng)的AMSCs經(jīng)成骨誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)21 d后鏡下在胞質(zhì)中可見大量Alizarin茜素紅染色后形成的棕紅色顆粒狀沉淀物,見圖1。
2.2 三組血清LDH、CK水平測(cè)定
三組大鼠血清LDH、CK水平差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),其中,burn組大鼠血清CK、LDH水平高于sham組(P < 0.05),AMSCs組CK、LDH水平顯著低于burn組(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 三組心肌組織中TNF-α、IL-10、IL-1β、caspase-3 mRNA表達(dá)情況
三組心肌組織中TNF-α、IL-10、IL-1β、caspase-3 mRNA表達(dá)總體比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。其中,burn組大鼠心肌組織中TNF-α、IL-1β、caspase-3 mRNA表達(dá)量高于sham組(P < 0.05),AMSCs組大鼠心肌組織中TNF-α、IL-1β、caspase-3 mRNA表達(dá)量低于burn組(P < 0.05);burn組大鼠心肌組織中IL-10 mRNA表達(dá)量低于sham組(P < 0.05),AMSCS組大鼠心肌組織中IL-10 mRNA表達(dá)量顯著高于burn組(P < 0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
嚴(yán)重?zé)齻笥尚募〖?xì)胞損傷導(dǎo)致的心功能不全直接影響患者休克期的平穩(wěn)度過[9]。受損的心肌細(xì)胞能否及時(shí)恢復(fù)直接關(guān)系到心功能的恢復(fù),與患者的生命息息相關(guān)。成人心肌細(xì)胞不可再生[10],及時(shí)有效逆轉(zhuǎn)嚴(yán)重?zé)齻缙谛募〖?xì)胞的持續(xù)損傷、減輕組織炎性反應(yīng),是改善心肌功能關(guān)鍵治療措施之一。
AMSCs作為一種理想的種子細(xì)胞,不僅可多向分化,并表現(xiàn)為低免疫原性和免疫抑制作用,在調(diào)節(jié)損傷修復(fù)中具有獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)[11]。Song等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在大鼠心肌梗死模型中通過移植人AMSCs治療,可有效恢復(fù)心肌組織損傷,進(jìn)而改善心臟功能。此外,梗死心肌周圍表現(xiàn)為VEGF、EGF、MCP-1等促進(jìn)血管生成生長(zhǎng)因子表達(dá),證明AMSCs可能通過旁分泌效應(yīng)保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,經(jīng)尾靜脈輸注AMSCs可明顯降低嚴(yán)重?zé)齻笫笱逯蠰DH、CK的含量,從而改善心功能。
嚴(yán)重?zé)齻笮募p傷的同時(shí)亦可見大量炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)burn組大鼠心肌組織中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA表達(dá)量較sham組明顯增高,抑炎因子IL-10 mRNA表達(dá)量明顯降低;與burn組相比,AMSCs組大鼠心肌組織中TNF-α、IL-1β mRNA表達(dá)量明顯下降,IL-10 mRNA表達(dá)量明顯增高。說明經(jīng)AMSCs處理的嚴(yán)重?zé)齻笫笮呐K中IL-10表達(dá)上調(diào),而TNF-α和IL-1β的表達(dá)被抑制。有研究表明,心肌細(xì)胞凋亡在心功能損傷中具有重要作用[13]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)燒傷后大鼠心肌組織中細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白caspase-3 mRNA表達(dá)水平顯著增高,采用AMSCs治療后,較burn組比較,大鼠caspase-3 mRNA表達(dá)顯著降低,提示AMSCs可能通過抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,發(fā)揮保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞的作用。
此外,研究顯示,AMSCs有強(qiáng)大的旁分泌作用,還可分泌多種炎癥抑制因子,如TGF-α、IL-10、巨噬細(xì)胞遷移抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)、防御素等,具有很好的抗炎作用[14-16]。Murphy等[17]通過腹腔注射移植AMSCs至博來霉素致肺損傷小鼠模型,能明顯抑制促炎因子TNF-α、TGF-β、IFN-γ的基因表達(dá),減少炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。
綜上所述,本實(shí)驗(yàn)中筆者觀察到早期通過AMSCs處理可促進(jìn)嚴(yán)重?zé)齻笫笮募〗M織內(nèi)抑炎因子IL-10的表達(dá),減少IL-1β和TNF-α等炎癥因子的釋放,減輕組織損傷,維護(hù)心肌功能,從而達(dá)到保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞的目的。嚴(yán)重?zé)齻髾C(jī)體處于一種多因素、錯(cuò)綜調(diào)控局面,對(duì)于AMSCs保護(hù)臟器功能的具體分子機(jī)制仍需深入探討。
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(收稿日期:2017-02-24 本文編輯:程 銘)