河南 巴朝軍
短文改錯(cuò)考點(diǎn)聚焦與解題策略
河南 巴朝軍
短文改錯(cuò)是集考查語法規(guī)則和語言技能于一體的綜合性試題,重點(diǎn)考查學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)語法知識(shí)和綜合語言運(yùn)用能力,旨在檢測學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)、判斷、糾正短文中錯(cuò)誤的能力。仔細(xì)研究全國各省市高考試題后不難發(fā)現(xiàn),該題型主要從詞法、句法、行文邏輯、一致性這四個(gè)方面考查學(xué)生在語篇中運(yùn)用英語的準(zhǔn)確性。
【解題策略】首先判斷該名詞是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞。
1. 不可數(shù)名詞,沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。
2. 可數(shù)名詞需與其前的限定詞、文中相關(guān)信息保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。
【典例1】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden your (our) view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.
【答案與解析】knowledges→knowledge。knowledge為不可數(shù)名詞,不用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【典例2】(2016·浙江卷)When I was a very young children,my father created a regular practice.
【答案與解析】children→child。因?yàn)榍懊嬗胁欢ü谠~a,所以用單數(shù)。
【典例3】(2015·四川卷)As I tell(told) you last time,I made three new friend here.
【答案與解析】friend→friends。句中的three表明此處應(yīng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。
【解題策略】
1. 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞一般不能單獨(dú)使用,要根據(jù)意思的需要使用恰當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~。
2. 冠詞的使用不僅僅要分析單獨(dú)一句話,也要聯(lián)系上下文。
3. 固定詞組中的冠詞用法以及習(xí)慣用法需要平時(shí)的積累。
【典例4】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)She could not find work at a law firm because she was woman.
【答案與解析】woman前加a。一般情況下,表示泛指時(shí)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞。
【典例5】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams(of) becoming rich in the short period of time.
【答案與解析】the→a。結(jié)合語境可知,“我”的叔叔在講他的生意經(jīng),這里表示的是泛指“很短的一段時(shí)間”。
【典例6】(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)One day,little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent(parents)....he quickly walked into the shop....he turned around and found where(that) his parents were missing....A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.
【答案與解析】段尾a→the。這里特指上文中提到的shop。只看本句話無法發(fā)現(xiàn)文中的錯(cuò)誤,需聯(lián)系上文信息。
【典例7】(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)Now I am living in a city,but I miss my home in countryside.
【答案與解析】countryside前加the。in the countryside為固定詞組,意思是“在農(nóng)村”。
【解題策略】代詞與所指代的名詞要保持用法、人稱、數(shù)、性別等的一致。
【典例8】(2016·浙江卷)Every time he arrived home at(the)end of the day,we’d greet her at the door.
【答案與解析】her→him。用him與he保持性別的一致,作greet的賓語。
【典例9】(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)We must found(find)ways to protect your environment.
【答案與解析】your→our。本句的主語是We,用了第一人稱,因此使用our與之呼應(yīng)。
【典例10】(2015·四川卷)It’s been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many.
【答案與解析】many→much。根據(jù)語境,這里說花了“我“很多錢,應(yīng)用much指代不可數(shù)名詞“錢”。
【典例11】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.
【答案與解析】honest→honesty。根據(jù)句意“我叔叔告訴我他成功的關(guān)鍵在于誠實(shí)”可知此處用名詞。
【典例12】(2015·陜西卷)I thought the biscuits were really well.
【答案與解析】well→good。well作形容詞通常指身體健康,而此處指的是食物很好,因此改成good。
【典例13】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)The teenage year(years)from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me . They were also the best and worse years in my life.
【答案與解析】worse→worst。句中有表示范圍的in my life,結(jié)合句意可知用最高級(jí),與前文的最高級(jí)best 保持一致。
錯(cuò)誤類型有三種,分述如下:
【典例14】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)Now I am leaving home to college.
【答案與解析】to →for。leave A for B表示“離開A地到B地去”。
【典例15】(2015·四川卷)Please help with me and give me some advice.
【答案與解析】去掉with。help是及物動(dòng)詞,其后直接跟賓語。
【典例16】(2014·四川卷)If you hear the alarm,stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.
【答案與解析】wait后加for。wait 是不及物動(dòng)詞,后接賓語時(shí)要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。wait for sb. to do sth.意思是“等待某人做某事”。
【典例17】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)It is always crowded with customers at meal times. Some people even had to wait outside.
【答案與解析】had→have。根據(jù)前一句的時(shí)態(tài),可知這里應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【典例18】(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)When I was a child,I hoped to live in the city. I think I would be happy there.
【答案與解析】think→thought。結(jié)合前文When I was a child可知,這里在回憶童年,因此用一般過去時(shí)。
【典例19】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or(and) high quality oil are using for cooking.
【答案與解析】using→used。根據(jù)語境可知,fresh vegetables和high quality oil是“被使用”。
【典例20】(2014·陜西卷)Suddenly the arrows was(were)flying down at us from the sky—they were looked like rain!
【答案與解析】刪除were或looked。look是系動(dòng)詞,只用于主動(dòng)語態(tài)。
【解題策略】分析句子意義、結(jié)構(gòu),確定正確的動(dòng)詞形式,是謂語還是非謂語。
【典例21】(2014·陜西卷)One evening at sunset,we sat by the fire,have our barbecue.
【答案與解析】have→having?,F(xiàn)在分詞短語having our barbecue作狀語,表示伴隨的動(dòng)作。
【典例22】(2015·陜西卷)“I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits.”
【答案與解析】get前加to。根據(jù)句意“我可能明年還得再退休一次,僅僅是為了吃到更多的餅干”可知,此處要用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】英語中,用謂語動(dòng)詞表達(dá)主要信息,而對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行修飾(說明謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、方式、或者是伴隨動(dòng)作、補(bǔ)充說明等)用非謂語動(dòng)詞。
【典例23】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.
【答案與解析】wear→wearing。by為介詞,后接動(dòng)名詞。
【典例24】(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a (the) shop.
【答案與解析】telling→told。結(jié)合語境,動(dòng)作tell的發(fā)出者是句子的主語A woman,而不是“him”,也就是說,此處不是賓語補(bǔ)足語,不與crying并列,而是與前面的謂語動(dòng)詞saw并列,因此是謂語動(dòng)詞,所以應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí)。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】如果句子中有多個(gè)動(dòng)作,需要判斷其并列關(guān)系。
【典例25】(2016·浙江卷)It was both excited and frightening to be up there!
【答案與解析】excited→ exciting。根據(jù)語境可知,這里表示“令人興奮的”,故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式的形容詞。
句法主要涉及句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性,定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句中引導(dǎo)詞的使用。
【典例26】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ)At last,I will be on my own,but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
【答案與解析】whenever后加I 。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,從句中缺少主語,結(jié)合語境,從句的主語應(yīng)是I。
【典例27】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
【答案與解析】that→where。考查賓語從句,從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語,因此用where引導(dǎo)。
【典例28】(2016·四川卷)The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favoritiest(favorite).
【答案與解析】what→that/which或者去掉what。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句意可知,這里是定語從句。that/which在從句中作賓語,可以省略。
【典例29】(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)After looks(looking) at the toy for some time,he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
【答案與解析】where→that或者去掉where。賓語從句意思完整,應(yīng)用that引導(dǎo),that可以省略。
【典例30】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)If we stay at home,it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.
【答案與解析】but → and。結(jié)合句意“如果我們待在家里,那會(huì)很舒適且不用花錢”可知,前后文為順承關(guān)系。
【典例31】(2015·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)There the air is clean or the mountains are green.
【答案與解析】or→and。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,前后句之間為并列關(guān)系而非選擇關(guān)系,因此把or 改為and。
【典例32】(2016·浙江卷)He would ask who we was and pretend not to knowing(know) us.
【答案與解析】was→were。這句話的主語是we,謂語應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),而且這篇文章是作者回憶小時(shí)候的事情,因此用一般過去時(shí)。
【典例33】(2016·全國新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)We can chose(choose)between staying at home and take a trip.
【答案與解析】take→taking。and 連接并列成分,taking與staying并列。
河南省滎陽市教體局教研室)