黃惠敏, 潘敏歡, 霍毅婷, 石 斐, 梁楚琴, 孫寶清
(廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 廣州呼吸疾病研究所 呼吸疾病國家重點實驗室 國家呼吸疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心 廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué), 廣東 廣州 510120)
·臨床研究·
變應(yīng)性疾病患兒食物過敏調(diào)查及危險因素分析*
黃惠敏, 潘敏歡, 霍毅婷, 石斐, 梁楚琴, 孫寶清**
(廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 廣州呼吸疾病研究所 呼吸疾病國家重點實驗室 國家呼吸疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心 廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué), 廣東 廣州510120)
[摘要]目的: 了解變應(yīng)性疾病患兒食物過敏現(xiàn)狀及危險因素。方法: 選取懷疑食物過敏的變應(yīng)性疾病患兒401例,通過問卷調(diào)查,結(jié)合食物特異性免疫球蛋白E(sIgE)檢測結(jié)果,分析常見食物中蛋清、牛奶、蝦、蟹、大豆和花生sIgE的陽性率, 患兒食物過敏特征和報告率,食物sIgE陽性率與自述食物過敏報告率及家族過敏史的關(guān)系。結(jié)果: 患兒自述食物過敏報告率為34.4%,誘發(fā)過敏反應(yīng)的食物主要為牛奶(14.7%)、雞蛋(12.5%)和蝦(7.0%);進(jìn)食過敏食物后的癥狀以皮膚癥狀為主(41.3%);食物sIgE陽性率與自述食物過敏報告率相比, 牛奶、蛋清和花生sIgE陽性率高于自述食物過敏的報告率(P<0.01), 而蝦、蟹和大豆sIgE陽性率與自述食物過敏的報告率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);在不同sIgE級別組中,蝦和蟹sIgE低級別組和高級別組自述食物過敏報告率高于陰性組(P<0.05),但蛋清、牛奶、花生和大豆在各組間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);70.6%食物過敏患兒有家族過敏史,有家族過敏史患兒中以男孩患過敏性疾病幾率較女孩高(p<0.01);父母雙方過敏家庭的患兒蛋清sIgE陽性率、僅父親過敏家庭的患兒牛奶sIgE陽性率均高于無家族過敏史患兒(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,父母均過敏的患兒自述食物過敏發(fā)生率高于非父母均過敏患兒(OR=1.91,95%CI: 1.07~3.42);春夏出生患兒自述食物過敏報告率低于秋冬出生患兒(OR=0.644,95%CI: 0.42~0.99)。結(jié)論: 有家族過敏史的嬰幼兒是食物過敏高風(fēng)險人群,這些家長應(yīng)加強(qiáng)食物過敏的防范意識,盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)和干預(yù),阻斷或減緩變應(yīng)性疾病的進(jìn)程。
[關(guān)鍵詞]食物過敏; 變性反應(yīng)性疾??; 免疫球蛋白E; 問卷; 危險因素
食物過敏(food allergy, FA)也稱為食物變態(tài)反應(yīng),是由于人體對某種食物或食品添加劑等引起的免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介導(dǎo)和非IgE介導(dǎo)而導(dǎo)致的消化系統(tǒng)內(nèi)或全身性的變態(tài)反應(yīng),臨床上可表現(xiàn)為皮膚、消化道或呼吸道等過敏癥狀,嚴(yán)重時可誘發(fā)急性過敏反應(yīng)[1-3]。全球范圍內(nèi)食物過敏流行趨勢日趨嚴(yán)重,帶來的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)和經(jīng)濟(jì)損失已不容忽視[4-7]。近幾年隨著現(xiàn)代生活的飲食結(jié)構(gòu)改變,我國兒童食物過敏發(fā)病率呈上升趨勢。本文通過問卷調(diào)查,了解變應(yīng)性疾病患兒的臨床特征及家族史,結(jié)合患兒食物sIgE的水平,綜合分析食物過敏的危險因素。
1對象與方法
1.1對象
調(diào)查2014年1月~2015年12月就診并懷疑食物過敏的變應(yīng)性疾病患兒,臨床診斷包括支氣管哮喘,過敏性鼻炎,哮喘合并過敏性鼻炎等呼吸道變應(yīng)性疾病,蕁麻疹、濕疹、接觸性皮炎等皮膚變應(yīng)性疾病,過敏性胃腸炎等消化道變應(yīng)性疾病?;純耗挲g為2個月~13歲,患者因診斷和鑒別診斷需要進(jìn)行的食物sIgE檢測包括蛋清、牛奶、蝦、蟹、花生和大豆,通過電話回訪,完成患兒臨床信息收集;共完成問卷424份,經(jīng)嚴(yán)格的篩選有效問卷401份,有效率為94.6%?;純喊茨挲g分為嬰幼兒組(≤3歲),學(xué)齡前組(3~6歲)和學(xué)齡組(6~13歲)。
1.2問卷設(shè)計及質(zhì)量控制
參考國際通用的國際兒童哮喘與過敏性疾病研究調(diào)查問卷(the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood,ISAAC),并結(jié)合廣東省過敏性疾病流行病學(xué)特征設(shè)計調(diào)查問卷,內(nèi)容包括患兒性別、年齡、身高、體重、過敏性疾病史、食物過敏情況(過敏的食物、食物過敏癥狀、食物過敏次數(shù)、首發(fā)食物過敏年齡、食物過敏反應(yīng)與進(jìn)食后的時間間隔和誘發(fā)食物過敏反應(yīng)的量)、家族史、母乳喂養(yǎng)史、飲食及生活習(xí)慣等相關(guān)信息。問卷采取電話回訪形式,由經(jīng)過統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)的醫(yī)學(xué)調(diào)查員,對調(diào)查對象的撫養(yǎng)人進(jìn)行電話回訪。所有問卷均經(jīng)過嚴(yán)格篩查,資料錄入前對原始資料進(jìn)行核對檢查,去除未填寫完整或較為含糊的問卷,采用雙向錄入方法。
1.3食物sIgE檢測
用帶分離凝膠的促凝管取患兒靜脈血4 mL,室溫凝血60 min,3 000 r/min 離心10 min,將血清分離以備檢測。應(yīng)用ALLERGY-O-LIQ系統(tǒng)(Fooke 公司,德國),采用酶聯(lián)免疫捕獲法檢測常見食物sIgE(常見食物是指兒童平時膳食經(jīng)常會添加,且sIgE陽性率較高的食物,有蛋清、牛奶、蝦、蟹、花生和大豆),檢測蛋清和牛奶401例,蝦315例,蟹311例,花生317例,大豆313例。sIgE濃度值≥0.35 IU/mL即為陽性。
1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
采用EpiData 3.02建立數(shù)據(jù)庫,進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)錄入校對。用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析,非正態(tài)分布資料用中位數(shù)(四分位數(shù)間距)進(jìn)行描述,采用χ2檢驗比較組間陽性率差異;用Binomial方法進(jìn)行雙親過敏史與患兒性別的二項分布檢驗;患兒自述食物過敏的危險因素分析采用Logistic回歸分析方法;P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1基本情況
納入研究的變應(yīng)性疾病患兒共401例,平均年齡3歲,患兒的基礎(chǔ)資料見表1。0~6歲呼吸道變應(yīng)性疾病患兒319例,呼吸道過敏癥狀首發(fā)的平均年齡為3歲,其中47.3%(151例)患兒在1歲內(nèi)出現(xiàn)過濕疹。
2.2食物過敏特征及報告率
納入研究患兒自述食物過敏報告率為34.4%,自述食物過敏報告率在不同性別間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。自述食物過敏的患兒中,74.6%的患兒初次發(fā)生食物過敏的年齡≤3歲;發(fā)生2次以上食物過敏的患兒占過敏人數(shù)的52.9%,2 h內(nèi)發(fā)生食物過敏反應(yīng)的患兒占44.2%,61.6%的患兒只需接觸少量食物就能導(dǎo)致過敏癥狀的發(fā)生,自述過敏的各種食物報告率分別為牛奶14.7%、雞蛋12.5%、蝦7.0%、蟹3.2%、魚1.5%、大豆1.2%、牛肉1.2%、花生1.0%。進(jìn)食過敏食物后,41.3%的患兒出現(xiàn)蕁麻疹、濕疹等皮膚癥狀,17.4%的患兒出現(xiàn)咳嗽、氣喘等呼吸道癥狀,16.7%的患兒出現(xiàn)嘔吐、腹瀉等消化道癥狀;兩個及以上系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)癥狀占13.8%,其中以皮膚和消化道合并癥狀為主,占7.2%,見表1。
2.3食物sIgE結(jié)果
檢測食物sIgE的患兒中,男性284例,女性117例,各種食物sIgE抗體陽性率在不同性別比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。牛奶 sIgE陽性率最高(66.1%),其次為蛋清(58.4%)。牛奶sIgE抗體陽性率隨年齡組的增長而降低,各組間陽性率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),學(xué)齡組蛋清sIgE抗體陽性率低于嬰幼兒組和和學(xué)齡前組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。學(xué)齡組蝦和蟹sIgE抗體陽性率高于嬰幼兒組。見表2。食物sIgE陽性率與自述食物過敏報告率相比,牛奶、蛋清和花生sIgE陽性率高于自述食物過敏的報告率(P<0.01),而蝦、蟹和大豆sIgE陽性率與自述食物過敏的報告率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。將6種食物過敏原按sIgE級別分為陰性組,低級別組(1~2級)和高級別組(3~6級),其中蝦和蟹低級別組和高級別組自述食物過敏報告率高于陰性組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),蛋清、牛奶、花生和大豆在各組間沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異(P>0.05),見表3。
表1 401例變應(yīng)性疾病患兒基礎(chǔ)資料
表2 不同年齡組患兒食物sIgE抗體陽性率分布
(1)與嬰幼兒組陽性率比較,P均<0.05;(2)與學(xué)齡前組陽性率比較,P<0.05
表3 401例患兒不同食物sIgE陽性率及自述食物過敏報告率(%)
(1)與自述食物過敏報告率比較,P<0.01;(2)(3)與1~2級以及3~6級組自述食物過敏報告率比較,P<0.05
2.4家族史與蛋清和牛奶sIgE陽性率
本研究納入的變應(yīng)性疾病患兒中,有家族過敏史的占70.6%。Binomial二項分布檢驗顯示:僅父親過敏、僅母親過敏或父母都過敏家庭的患兒男孩的比例均高于女孩(64.3%,P=0.003;69.9%,P=0.001;75.9%,P=0.000);雙親至少一方有過敏史的患兒,性別分布不服從二項分布(P<0.01),其后代男孩患過敏性疾病的幾率較女孩高。在不同家族過敏史組中,父母都過敏的家庭的患兒蛋清sIgE陽性率高于無家族過敏史患兒,僅父親過敏患兒牛奶sIgE陽性率高于無家族過敏史患兒,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表4。
2.5自述食物過敏的危險因素分析
以性別、地區(qū)、年齡、出生季節(jié)、是否母乳喂養(yǎng),母乳喂養(yǎng)時間、純母乳喂養(yǎng)時間、僅父親過敏、僅母親過敏、父母都過敏、有否補(bǔ)充維生素D等因素作為自變量,自述食物過敏為因變量進(jìn)行單因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,季節(jié)(OR=0.63,95%CI:0.41~0.96)和父母都過敏(OR=1.97, 95%CI:1.11~3.52)與患兒自述食物過敏相關(guān),見表5。將出生季節(jié)與雙親過敏史納入多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示春夏出生患兒自述食物過敏是秋冬出生患兒的0.644倍(95%CI: 0.42~0.99),春夏出生是患兒自述食物過敏的保護(hù)因素;父母都有過敏史的患兒自述食物過敏是非父母都過敏患兒的1.91倍(95%CI: 1.07~3.42),即父母都過敏是患兒自述食物過敏的危險因素,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
表4 不同家族過敏史的患兒蛋清和牛奶sIgE陽性率
表5 患兒自述食物過敏危險因素的單因素分析
3討論
食物過敏在兒童中有相當(dāng)高的發(fā)病率,全球兒童食物過敏患病率約為5%[9]。本研究納入的變應(yīng)性疾病患兒自述食物過敏報告率為34.4%,說明食物過敏在變應(yīng)性疾病患兒中發(fā)病率更高。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),食物過敏的兒童會增加哮喘的發(fā)病率和肺功能下降的衛(wèi)生資源利用,而多種食物過敏會使關(guān)聯(lián)性更強(qiáng)[10]。常見的引起過敏反應(yīng)的食物有花生、堅果、牛奶、大豆、小麥、雞蛋、魚和貝類[11]。本研究食物sIgE的檢測結(jié)果顯示,陽性率最高的食物分別為牛奶和蛋清,與自述過敏的主要食物一致,但不同年齡段,食物sIgE陽性率會發(fā)生變化。學(xué)齡期組患兒牛奶和蛋清sIgE的陽性率明顯低于嬰幼兒組,而蝦和蟹sIgE陽性率隨年齡組增長有所升高。國外研究顯示,牛奶和雞蛋過敏在呼吸道過敏癥狀的嬰幼兒中更常見,而花生,堅果,魚,貝類過敏常見于青少年[12-14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示牛奶、蛋清和花生sIgE陽性率均高于自述食物過敏的報告率,而歐洲6~10歲人群食物過敏自我報告率為1.6%~24.4%,食物sIgE陽性率為4.1%~52.0%[14]。說明有部分患兒雖然食物sIgE陽性,但進(jìn)食該食物后沒有任何臨床癥狀。同時有部分家長對食物過敏的認(rèn)知度不夠,往往會忽視患兒食物過敏的癥狀。通過問卷調(diào)查后發(fā)現(xiàn)食物過敏自我報告率會受家長的認(rèn)知和記憶偏倚影響,但由于條件的限制,本研究沒有進(jìn)行食物雙盲激發(fā)試驗來驗證患兒食物過敏的情況,所以本研究還會繼續(xù)回訪,跟進(jìn)患兒回避致敏食物或調(diào)整飲食后的情況。
食物過敏誘發(fā)的癥狀沒有特異性,很多消化道、皮膚、呼吸道和全身過敏癥狀與IgE介導(dǎo)的食物過敏有關(guān)[15]。本研究中41.3%的變應(yīng)性疾病患兒進(jìn)食過敏食物后引起蕁麻疹、濕疹等皮膚過敏癥狀。因此,對有皮膚過敏癥狀的患兒,應(yīng)考慮食物過敏的可能,并建議進(jìn)行食物過敏原的檢測。本研究結(jié)果顯示,除了IgE介導(dǎo)的食物過敏,有部分患者是非IgE介導(dǎo)的食物過敏反應(yīng)。35.3%的牛奶和蛋清sIgE陰性患者進(jìn)食該食物后發(fā)生食物過敏反應(yīng)。每一種食物的致敏模式不一致,牛奶過敏54%為IgE介導(dǎo),46%為非IgE介導(dǎo)[16]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,無論是母親還是父親患過敏性疾病,男孩患過敏性疾病的幾率都高于女孩,說明變應(yīng)性疾病與性別遺傳有關(guān)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在3歲前,男孩患哮喘的幾率高于女孩,但4~7歲時,男孩患哮喘的幾率接近女孩[17]。Arshad等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)如果父親患哮喘,則男孩患哮喘的幾率比女孩大;如果父親患過敏性鼻炎,則遺傳沒有性別差異;如果母親患濕疹,則女孩患濕疹的幾率比男孩大。所以不同的變應(yīng)性疾病其性別遺傳傾向可能有所不同,但與年齡也有一定關(guān)系。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),父母都過敏是變應(yīng)性疾病兒童自述食物過敏的危險因素,且父母都過敏患兒蛋清sIgE和僅父親過敏患兒牛奶sIgE陽性率高于無家族過敏史患兒。芬蘭的一項基于人群的研究表明父母患過敏性疾病會增加0~4歲兒童食物致敏或食物過敏的風(fēng)險,如果患更多的過敏性疾病或父母雙方都患過敏性疾病,則作用更強(qiáng)[19]。春夏季節(jié)出生是兒童自述食物過敏的保護(hù)因素,Mullins等人[20]研究表明秋冬出生兒童具有更高的食物過敏風(fēng)險,紫外線強(qiáng)度和食物過敏之間呈負(fù)相關(guān), Kusunoki等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)排除混雜因素后,母乳喂養(yǎng)持續(xù)時間不再是兒童食物過敏的影響因素,均與本研究結(jié)果相符合。
綜上所述,有家族過敏史的嬰幼兒為食物過敏高風(fēng)險人群,家長應(yīng)加強(qiáng)食物過敏的防范意識,盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)和干預(yù),阻斷或減緩變應(yīng)性疾病的進(jìn)程。
4參考文獻(xiàn)
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(2016-03-06收稿,2016-05-17修回)
中文編輯: 劉平; 英文編輯: 劉華
Analysis of Risk Factors of Food Allergy in Children with Allergic Diseases
HUANG Huimin, PAN Minhuan, HUO Yiting, SHI Fei, LIANG Chuqin, SUN Baoqing
(TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofGuangzhouMedicalUniversity,GuangzhouInstituteofRespiratoryDisease,StateKeyLaboratoryofRespiratoryDisease,NationalClinicalResearchCenterforRespiratoryDisease,GuangzhouMedicalUniversity,Guangzhou510120,Guangdong,China)
[Abstract]Objective: To investigate the status and risk factors of food allergy in children with allergic diseases. Methods: 401 cases of children with allergic diseases suspected of food allergy were selected and enrolled in the study. Through the questionnaire survey, combined with food specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) test results, the food sIgE positive rate in common food such as in egg white, milk, shrimp, crab, soybean and peanut, food allergy characteristics and reporting rate in children were observed and analyzed. Then, the relationship between positive rate of food sIgE and self-reporting rate of food allergy and family history of allergic were also analyzed. Results: The self-reporting rate of food allergy of children with allergic disease was 34.4%. The food for inducing an allergic reaction were mainly cow's milk (14.7%), egg (12.5%) and shrimp (7.0%). The main symptoms were skin symptom after eating allergic food(41.3%), such as urticaria and eczema. The sIgE positive rate of cow's milk, egg white and peanut were higher than self-reporting allergy rate (P<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between sIgE positive rate of shrimp,crab and soybean and self-reporting allergy rate (P>0.05). The self-reporting allergy rate of shrimp and crab was significantly higher in sIgE low and high level group than in negative group (P<0.05) but there were no statistically significant differences in self-reporting allergy rate of egg white, cow's milk, peanut and soybean between different sIgE level groups (P>0.05). 70.6% of the children with allergic diseases had family history of allergies. For children who had family history of allergies, the rate of boys suffering from allergic disease was significantly higher than that of girls. The sIgE positive rate of egg white was significantly higher in the children of parental allergy than in the children who had no family history of allergies (P<0.05). The sIgE positive rate of cow's milk was higher in the children of only father allergic family than in the children who had no family history of allergies (P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the percentage of self-reporting food allergy in children with parental allergy was significantly higher than in the children without parental allergy (OR=1.91, 95%CI: 1.07~3.42) and the percentage of self-reporting food allergy was significantly lower in children born in summer&spring than those born in autumn&winter (OR=0.644, 95%CI: 0.42~0.99).Conclusion: The children with family history of allergies have high risk of suffering food allergy. The parents should strengthen the awareness of the prevention of food allergy, detect and intervene, block or slow the progression of allergic diseases as early as possible.
[Key words]food allergy; allergic diseases; immunoglobulin E; questionnaire survey; risk factor
*[基金項目]國家自然科學(xué)基金項目(81572063); 廣州市醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技項目(20151A010094,20151A011071); 廣東省科技廳產(chǎn)學(xué)研項目(2013B090500129); 廣東省科技廳項目(2014A020212352); 廣州市科信局項目(201510010147)
[中圖分類號]R183.3
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A
[文章編號]1000-2707(2016)06-0686-06
DOI:10.19367/j.cnki.1000-2707.2016.06.015
**通信作者 E-mail:sunbaoqing@vip.163.com
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時間:2016-06-16網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/52.5012.R.20160616.1722.048.html